Chapter 3: Early Humans and the Agricultural Revolution

Lesson 1: Hunter-Gatherers How do people adapt to their environment?

The Paleolithic Age Surviving in the Paleolithic Age The early period of human history is called the Stone Age People used stones to make tools and weapons Paleolithic Age “Old Stone” Early stages of the Stone Age Nomads Moved around in search for food in groups Hunted and gathered Learned to hunt, fish, and find edible plants Men hunted Developed weapons to be more efficient Women gathered Stayed near camp, usually by water source Equality

The Invention of Tools Culture of hunting and gathering Technology What tools were used Which animals were hunted and which were not The roles of men and women Technology Before: sticks, stones, and branches Then: flint to make sharp tools Later: Spears, bows and arrows, scraping tools, needles

Making Stone Age Tools

Changing to Survive Climate is a big deal Determines clothing, shelter, food What is available and accessible? Humans then constructed clothing and shelter

Fire Sparks Changes Provided warmth, light Scare animals away or chase them into traps Cook and store food Gathering place Rubbed two sticks together to create friction Invented drill-like fire starters Certain stones create sparks

Language and Art Communication Spoken language Physical gestures Information and emotions Art Lascaux in Southern France Founded in 1879 Use fingers, twigs, brushes of animal hair Scenes of hunts, nature Paints of crushed rocks and clay

The Ice Ages How did people adapt to survive the Ice Ages? Periods of extreme cold Most recent was 100,000 years ago Glaciers grew and ocean levels decreased Land bridge Adaptation Added more fat to diet Built sturdier shelters Warm clothing using fur Lasted 90,000 years

The Agricultural Revolution How did farming change people’s lives?

Neolithic Times Climates warmed The Neolithic Age Nomads moved to areas with fertile lands and mild climate People remained in one place Began to farm Domesticated animals Food, wool, milk The Neolithic Age From hunting and gathering to systematic agriculture Still hunted and gathered

Agricultural Revolution Revolution is any change that has enormous effect on people’s lives Widespread farming Farming became economic Many areas began to grow around the same time Agriculture Map Life in the Neolithic Age Villages near fields and water Simple homes made of mud-brick Shrines (holy places) Gods and goddesses Growing role of religion

The Benefits of Settled Life Safety in numbers Steady food supplies More people for labor More crops More trade Specialization Specific jobs Role of men and women change Men farmed and tended animals, protected the village, community leaders Women tended to the family and home, made clothing Negative of settled life - Lack of resources

Civilizations Emerge Cities and governments Religion Developed in river valleys Food, protection, trade, fertile land Governments formed to protect themselves and the food supply Monarchy Ruled by one king or queen Created armies Made laws Appointed government officials Religion Explained daily life Gods were responsible for everything

Social Structure Writing and Art Society organized in groups Defined by work, wealth, or power Rulers and priests, government officials, and warriors Farmers, artisans, and craftspeople Enslaved people Writing and Art Used symbols to represent information Created for enjoyment To keep records and preserve stories Buildings as places of worship and burial tombs