Test 1 Review Chapter 1, Hydrologic cycle and the water balance Basic quantification of hydrologic process such as Precipitation Streamflow Volume and area relationships Work example 4.2.1 and 4.2.2

Groundwater Learning objectives Be able to quantify the properties of water held in and flowing through the subsurface (soil and rock). The properties of interest include porosity, moisture content, pressure, suction, hydraulic conductivity Mays Chapter 2

Figure 21. Cross section through an unsaturated porous medium (from Chow et al. 1988)

Macroscopic and microscopic concepts of a porous medium Macroscopic and microscopic concepts of a porous medium. (from Freeze and Cherry, 1979)

Storage Coefficient for (a) confined and (b) unconfined aquifers From Mays, 2011, Ground and Surface Water Hydrology

Tensiometer for measuring water tension From Mays, 2011, Ground and Surface Water Hydrology

Constant Head Permeameter 𝑄=−𝐾𝐴 𝑑ℎ 𝑑𝑙 𝐾= 𝑉𝐿 𝐴𝑡ℎ From Mays, 2011, Ground and Surface Water Hydrology

Variation of soil suction head, ||, and hydraulic conductivity, K, with moisture content. (from Chow et al, 1988)

Equations to representing soil water characteristic functions

Anisotropy 𝐾 𝑥 = 𝐾 1 𝑧 1 + 𝐾 2 𝑧 2 + 𝐾 3 𝑧 3 𝑧 1 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 3 10 m 𝐾 𝑥 = 𝐾 1 𝑧 1 + 𝐾 2 𝑧 2 + 𝐾 3 𝑧 3 𝑧 1 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 3 10 m K=11.6 m/day 𝐾 𝑧 = 𝑧 1 + 𝑧 2 + 𝑧 3 𝑧 1 𝐾 1 + 𝑧 2 𝐾 2 + 𝑧 3 𝐾 3 4.4 m K=4.5 m/day 6.2 m K=2.2 m/day

Unconfined aquifer between two rivers 𝑞=−𝐾ℎ 𝜕ℎ 𝜕𝑥 =−𝐾 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 ℎ 2 2 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑥 =𝑊 𝑑 2 𝑑 𝑥 2 ℎ 2 2 =− 𝑊 𝐾 𝑞+ 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑞 𝑊𝑑𝑥 ℎ 2 = ℎ 1 2 − ℎ 1 2 − ℎ 2 2 𝑥 𝐿 + 𝑊 𝐾 (𝐿−𝑥)𝑥 From Mays, 2011, Ground and Surface Water Hydrology

Radial flow to a confined aquifer 𝑄=2𝜋𝐾𝑏 ℎ− ℎ 𝑤 ln⁡(𝑟/ 𝑟 𝑤 ) ℎ− ℎ 𝑤 = 𝑄 ln 𝑟/ 𝑟 𝑤 2𝜋𝐾𝑏 Work example 4.2.1 and 4.2.2 From Mays, 2011, Ground and Surface Water Hydrology

Radial Flow to an Unconfined Aquifer 𝑄= 𝜋𝐾 ℎ 2 2 − ℎ 1 2 ln 𝑟 2 / 𝑟 1 Work example 4.2.3 From Mays, 2011, Ground and Surface Water Hydrology

From Mays, 2011, Ground and Surface Water Hydrology

From Mays, 2011, Ground and Surface Water Hydrology

From Mays, 2011, Ground and Surface Water Hydrology