Piecework & Sweatshops PIECEWORK -Workers paid a fixed amount for each item that they produced. Garment workers Cigar workers SWEATSHOP- shop where employees worked for long hours and under poor working conditions.

SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT Frederick Winslow Taylor The Principles of Scientific Management How to improve worker efficiency. Break down different tasks and proper amount of time to complete Productivity Increases PROFIT$ increase

Division of Labor Separation of the tasks of production. Workers completed one task to produce an item. Concept of the assembly line. The end of the artisan.

The Working Man burning On the stake of Monopoly

Jacob Riis, Children of the Poor (1892) Child Labor Jacob Riis, Children of the Poor (1892)

Child Labor No laws prohibited use of child labor 1880s approximately 5% of workforce was made up of children. Families relied on income for children to survive.

W O R K E R S O R G A N I Z E

Knights of Labor DEMANDS INCLUSIVE Equal pay for equal work Eight-hour work day End child labor INCLUSIVE Admitted women and African Americans Skilled and unskilled workers. Farmers and factory workers.

AMERICAN FEDERATION of LABOR (AFL) Focus on wages, work hours, and working conditions Skilled workers African Americans allowed but discouraged Women not allowed (because they lowered wages)

GREAT RAILROAD STRIKE OF 1877 Began over wage cuts and increased work. Railroad workers went on strike and rioted. President Rutherford B. Hayes sent in troops to protect railroad property. Lesson – Federal government would act on the behalf of business over labor and use the military against labor.

HAYMARKET MASSACRE 1886 “Eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, eight hours for what we will.” Labor demonstration at Haymarket Square in Chicago. Anarchists involved Bomb thrown into crowd killing a police officer and igniting a riot. Gunfire. Dozen killed.

Knights of Labor blamed. Effectively ends that union. HAYMARKET MASSACRE 1886 Knights of Labor blamed. Effectively ends that union. Lesson- Public believes unions are dangerous and violent.

HOMESTEAD STRIKE 1892 Steel workers went on strike after wage cut. Battle of Homestead fought between Pinkertons (a security guard company) and the strikers. Attempted murder of Frick by an anarchist was blamed on the strikers. Public opinion turned against union Lessons – public believed that unions were dangerous, violent and unAmerican.

PULLMAN STRIKE 1894 Railroad cars Cut wages; raised rent Court ordered strike illegal; interfered with free trade President Cleveland sent in federal troops to enforce court order Lesson – Federal government side with business over labor.

Labor – “Hopelessly Bound To The Stake”