African Americans on the Home front Marvelous Monday, Nov. 13, 2014 Turn in your notebook Take your seat Take out your Notebook Warm-Up Create the following chart and take down detailed facts from the video Women on the Home front African Americans on the Home front

Today’s Agenda Video Clip / Discussions FN: “The Home front” Homework: Women’s Portrait Study Guide Ques. 11-15

Standard 11.4.5 EQ: How did the war affect Americans at home? The Home Front Standard 11.4.5 EQ: How did the war affect Americans at home?

America Mobilizes for War Selective Service there were only 98,000 men in the US army in 1914 the US used conscription (the draft) to raise an army after April 1917 3 million immediately enlisted 24 million registered for the draft many Americans opposed the war women, Quakers, and socialists they blamed the greed of big business for our involvement Wilson said the US “must make the world safe for democracy”

America Mobilizes for War War Industries Board (Bernard Baruch) encouraged companies to increase efficiency and eliminate waste by adopting mass production American businesses resisted government control set prices, standardized production, and rationed resources coal, gasoline, heating oil the government took control of the railroads introduced daylight-savings time

America Mobilizes for War Food Administration (Herbert Hoover) worked to cut down on consumption meatless Tuesdays wheatless Wednesdays also sweetless and porkless “victory gardens” increased food production agricultural output rose by 25% increased food exports to our allies food exports rose 300%

America Mobilizes for War Committee on Public Information (George Creel) the nation’s artists and advertising people used propaganda to promote war 75,000 four-minute men made patriotic speeches paintings, posters, cartoons, and sculptures promoting the war “Kill the Kaiser” “Over There” became the anthem of the war

Opposition and Its Consequences Espionage and Sedition Acts, 1917 illegal to interfere with the draft, or saying anything disloyal, profane, or abusive about the government or the war effort the laws clearly violated the spirit of the First Amendment to the Constitution the law targeted socialists and labor leaders (Eugene V. Debs) $10,000 fine and 20 years in jail

Opposition and Its Consequences Anti-Foreign Hysteria anti-immigrant hysteria focused on Germans people with German sounding names lost their jobs Germans were interred in detainee camps German words were not used kindergarten (pre-school), hamburger (victory steak), frankfurter (hot dog), sauerkraut (liberty cabbage) Prohibition was passed Schenck vs. United States, 1917 Schenck was arrested for suggesting that people dodge the draft the court upheld the Sedition Act saying that sometimes speech is “a clear and present danger” “You can’t yell fire in a theater” President Woodrow Wilson issued two sets of regulations on April 6, 1917, and November 16, 1917, imposing restrictions on German-born male residents of the United States over the age of 14. The rules were written to include natives of Germany who had become citizens of countries other than the U.S.[2] Some 250,000 people in that category were required to register at their local post office, to carry their registration card at all times, and to report any change of address or employment. The same regulations and registration requirements were imposed on females on April 18, 1918.[3] Some 6,300 such aliens were arrested. Thousands were interrogated and investigated. A total of 2,048 were incarcerated for the remainder of the war in two camps, Fort Douglas, Utah, for those west of theMississippi and Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, for those east of the Mississippi.[4]

The American Homefront National War Labor Board dealt with disputes between labor and management (work or fight) pushed for the 8 hour work day factory safety inspections pressured manufacturers to eliminate child labor unions agreed to not strike during the war

The War Changes American Society Women in the Workforce women began to fill unfamiliar social roles they took jobs usually held by men they volunteered for the Red Cross women received the right to vote in 1920

The War Changes American Society The Great Migration, 1916 the large-scale movement of hundreds of thousands of Southern blacks to cities in the North many went to find employment in the big cities like New York, Chicago, and Detroit fewer white workers meant more jobs were available to escape racial discrimination Between 1916 and 1940 more than a million African Americans moved to the North African-Americans were split on how to respond to the war effort Du Bois said blacks should support the war because it would lead to calls for racial justice Trotter said blacks should not support a racist government period

The War Changes American Society Mexican Immigration thousands of Hispanics moved to the US to take the place of white soldiers fighting in the war

The War Changes American Society The Spanish Flu Epidemic, 1918 one in four Americans got sick public places were closed and people wore masks when they did go out 500,000 Americans died more than died in the war effect on the economy was devastating