Shaping Argument: 4 Ways Classical Oration Induction Deduction Toulmin Model Shape: the organization or the arrangement Shape should fit the ideas…don’t force it

The Rhetorical Triangle Exigence: an issue, problem, or situation that causes or prompts someone to write or speak. Ethos Speaker = Rhetorical Context Pathos: Audience Subject = Logos

Classical Oration: 5 part structure Term Latin Term Function Introduction Exordium Introduces the reader to the subject Gets attention Establishes Ethos Narration Narratio Provides facts and background info Est. why the subject is a problem & needs to be addressed Appeals to pathos (& logos) Confirmation Confirmatio Includes the development and proof Specific & concrete details Appeal to Logos

Classical Oration: 5 part structure Term Latin Term Function Refutation Refutatio Addresses the counter Bridge between the proof and the conclusion Appeal to Logos Can come as the 2nd para. Conclusion Peroratio Brings the essay to a close Appeals to pathos Reminds reader of Ethos Brings all the ideas together Answers the question, So what? Last words…audience will remember

“Not by Math Alone” (O’Connor & Romer, 2006) Read the essay - together Label the parts (classical oration) –together 3) Answer questions – on own

The Rhetorical Triangle Exigence: an issue, problem, or situation that causes or prompts someone to write or speak. Ethos Speaker = Rhetorical Context Pathos: Audience Subject = Logos

Shaping Argument: 4 Ways Classical Oration Induction Deduction Toulmin Model Shape: the organization or the arrangement Shape should fit the ideas…don’t force it

Shaping Argument: Induction Term Latin Term Function Induction Inducere (to lead into) Arrange an argument so it leads from the particulars to the universals Uses specific cases to draw a conclusion Collects evidence and drawing an inference based on the evidence to make a conclusion Example: Regular exercise promotes weight loss. Exercise lowers stress levels. Exercise improves mood and outlook. Generalization: Exercise contributes to better health.

Shaping Argument: Induction Term Latin Term Function Induction Inducere (to lead into) Arrange an argument so it leads from the particulars to the universals Uses specific cases to draw a conclusion Collects evidence and drawing an inference based on the evidence to make a conclusion Examples When Used: * Scientific Method * Essay supported by reasons * Car buying One more thing: Not “true or false” arg., but… “weak or strong” Consider exceptions to the rules…vulnerabilities Cannot lead to certainty, only probability

“from Outliers” (Malcolm Gladwell) Read the essay - together 2) Dissect according to induction

Shaping Argument: Deduction Term Function Deduction (Syllogism: logical structure that uses major and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion) Reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) Apply the principle to specific case (minor premise) Example: Major Premise: Exercise contributes to better health. Minor Premise: Yoga is a type of exercise. Conclusion: Yoga contributes to better health.

Shaping Argument: Deduction Term Function Deduction (Syllogism: logical structure that uses major and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion) Reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) Apply the principle to specific case (minor premise) Note: Strength: if first 2 premises are true = conclusion is logically valid Weakness: if either premise is false = conclusion can be challenged Example: Major Premise: Celebrities are role models for young people. Minor Premise: Lindsey Lohan is a celebrity Conclusion: Lindsey Lohan is a role model for young people.

“The Declaration of Independence” (Thomas Jefferson) Example of combo of both INDUCTION & DEDUCTION Read the primary source - together Dissect according to induction & induction The argument of the entire document can be distilled into this syllogism: Major Premise: Minor Premise: Conclusion:

“The Declaration of Independence” (Thomas Jefferson) Example of combo of both INDUCTION & DEDUCTION Read the primary source - together Dissect according to induction & induction The argument of the entire document can be distilled into this syllogism: Major Premise: Citizens have a right to rebel against a despot. Minor Premise: King George III is a despot. Conclusion: Citizens have a right to rebel against King George III How does Jefferson PROOVE the minor premise?

The Toulmin Model: 6 Elements Term Function Claim Arguable assertions Conclusion whose merit we are seeking to establish Support (evidence) First hand or second hand “proof” Warrant (assumption) Expresses the assumption shared by the speaker and the audience Links the claim to the evidence Similar to the minor premise Backing Further assurances or data Without, the assumption lacks authority Qualifier “tempers” the claim; makes it less absolute EX: usually, maybe, probably, most likely… Reservation Explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier

The Toulmin Model: 6 Elements Evidence Claim Assumption Qualifier Reservation Backing Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

The Toulmin Model: 6 Elements Evidence: (it is raining) Claim (I should take my umbrella) Qualifier (probably) Reservation (unless it has a hole in it) Assumption (an umbrella will keep me dry) Backing (the material is waterproof) Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

The Toulmin Model: 6 Elements Think-Pair-Share Evidence Claim Assumption Qualifier Reservation Backing Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

The Toulmin Model: 6 Elements Think-Pair-Share 1) Grades should be abolished because they add stress to the learning experience. Identify the assumption that would link the claim to its support. Use the format: Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

The Toulmin Model: 6 Elements Think-Pair-Share 2) Until you buy me a diamond, I won’t know that you love me! Identify the assumption that would link the claim to its support. Use the format: Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

The Toulmin Model: 6 Elements Think-Pair-Share 3) If we want to decrease gang violence, we should legalize drugs. Identify the assumption that would link the claim to its support. Use the format: Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

The Toulmin Model: 6 Elements Think-Pair-Share 4) You must obey her because she is your mother. Identify the assumption that would link the claim to its support. Use the format: Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

The Toulmin Model: 6 Elements Think-Pair-Share 5) Wifi should be available to everyone without cost since the Internet has become a vital part of our lives. Identify the assumption that would link the claim to its support. Use the format: Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

Vocab 4:2 Quiz… Prefix Meaning De Opposite, away, from Dis, Dif, Di Apart, not Epi Upon, on top Equi Equal Ex, E Out, From, Forth