CHAPTER 5 - INDUSTRIALIZATION AND DOMINANT-MINORITY RELATIONS G. Cano 2016

INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES 1865: The Thirteen Amendment abolishes slavery throughout the country. 1865: The Union army defeats the confederacy 1866 Congress passes the Civil Rights Bill to protect the rights of Blacks 1865: Lincoln is assassinated The 13th, 14th and 15th Constitutional amendements

13th Amendment The 13th Amendment, passed by Congress January 31, 1865, and ratified December 6, 1865, states: 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

14th Amendment The Fourteenth Amendment was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. It addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws, and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War.

15th Amendment The 15th Amendment, ratified in 1870, stated that ''The right of citizens...to vote shall not be denied or abridged...on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.''

REGRESSIVE ACTS In the early 1830s, the white actor Thomas Dartmouth “Daddy” Rice became very popular for ridiculing Blacks in his fictional character “Jim Crow,” a caricature of a clumsy, dum black slave.

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1875 Forbid racial segregation of facilities

Jim Crow Laws – De Jure Segregation The name Jim Crow is often used to describe “Black Codes” which arose after Reconstruction ended in 1877 to took away many of the rights granted through the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments

SEGREGATION 1896, Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson sustained the legality of a Louisiana statute that required railroad companies to provide "separate but equal" accommodations for white and black passengers, and prohibited whites and blacks from using railroad cars that were not assigned to their race.[ African-American schools received less public funding per student than nearby white schools. Over nearly 60 years, the Supreme Court held, that the "separate but equal" rule announced in Plessy was the correct rule of law. The repeal of "separate but equal" laws was one of the main goals of the Civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. In Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of desegregation of public education facilities for blacks and whites. Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended all state and local laws requiring segregation.

INDUSTRIALIZATION AND MINORITY STATUS Manual labor is replaced by machinery Capital and factories replace land as main means of production White industrial workers compete with Black workers The political disenfranchisement (taking power away) of minorities was achieved by literacy tests, poll taxes, and property requirements

Early Black leaders Booker T. Washington W.E.B. Dubois

Booker T. Washington Last generation of black American born into slavery and became the leading voice of the former slaves and their descendants Established the Tuskegee Institute, a historically black college in Alabama. In his famous speech "Atlanta compromise," he spoke about the importance of education and business for Blacks. organizations based in the South, such as CORE, SNCC and SCLC. As a conservative Black, he was able to raise money and win support from Anglos.

BOOKER T. WASHINGTON

W.E.B. Dubois (1868-1963) Born in Massachusetts, he completed graduate work at the University of Berlin and Harvard, becoming the first African American to obtain a doctoral degree. Du Bois was one of the co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. He fought for Civil Rights protesting against Jim Crow Laws and lynching. He became a prolific writer and famous after his book, The Souls of Black Folk The United States' Civil Rights Act passed one year after his death.

WEB Dubois

OUTCOME OF INDUSTRIALIZATION Urbanization: Migration of workers to the North Weakening of dominant-group controls, such as “racial etiquette” Rise of bureaucracy and rationality= impersonal relations The Minimum Wage of 1938 law called the Fair Labor Standards Act, order employers to pay all equally and overtime for certain jobs

INSTITUTIONAL PROGRESSIVE REFORMS Federal Housing Authority made home ownership easier as lower interests were offered. Affirmative Action: to increase diversity in the workspace and education