The Peoples to the North Ben Losch Jason Edwards Will Rattray The Peoples to the North

Hopewell (200 AD - 500 AD) Traded with Gulf of Mexico & Rockies Knew metallurgy (copper) Employed artisans Social hierarchy with a chief at the top.

Hopewell . The mounds were build for either defensive purposes or used as burial sites -Elaborate mounds of great size often organized into groups . Each burial site contained personal items, weapons, pottery and pipes that were made out of either stone or clay

Hopewell Tradition to represent effigies or animals Elaborate burial rituals Buried with personal items and weapons Beautiful pottery, pipes and effigies, luxury items designed for the cult of the dead 1 -burials contained jewelry, personal items, weapons and religious symbols of copper, quartz, galena and mica 2 built as effigies or representation of animals --little known about social organization, excellent quality of artifacts indicate social divisions within society - best clues come from Natchez Indians, were organized as a powerful chiefdom under a ruler known as the Great Sun who ruled society made up of four social classes

Mississippian (800 AD – 1300 AD) Large settlements in Alabama and Illinois. Also ruled by a chief. New strains of maize. Focused more on agriculture than predecessors.

Mississippian They constructed mounds for fortifications and large pyramid platforms. They created temple mounds up to 100 feet high and used over 2 million cubic feet of earth to construct. Much larger than the previous Hopewell people. Had large towns and urban centers, temple complexes and Pyramid mounds Cahokia (Illinois)

Mississippian Religious symbols and crops represent strong Mesoamerican influence New cultivation techniques of maize, beans and squash Importance of Corn Rulers able to mobilize labor 2 as well as adoption of new strains 3 Corn based agriculture allowed larger populations and more complex societies to emerge 4 stratified societies with a clear elite and with rulers able to mobilize the labor required to build such enormous structures

The Desert Peoples American Southwest. Retreated to high ground to escape tribes. Decline caused by draught. Relied on animals for food, rather than crops.

The Desert Peoples Each cultural region had their distinctive pottery The desert peoples initially lived in pit houses below the ground but then moved to stone multiform dwellings that were usually protected by canyons and cliffs due to hostile neighbors. A distinctive feature of these dwellings are the kiva’s. The culture spread from New Mexico, Colorado, Utah and Arizona Both of these pictures come from the same region called the Anasazi. The pits in the dwellings are called kiva’s and were large stone pits used for religious meetings by men.

The desert peoples Maize was adapted to local environment Later supplemented by beans and squash Kivas Hundreds of miles of roads, up to forty feet wide came from Chaco 1 originated from mesoamerica (mexico) 2 became the basis of a settled agricultural way of living 3 which were much larger pit structures used for ceremonial purposes (symbolized the widespread belief that humankind emerged into this world from another world below), later stone structures 4 sacred landscape which gave order to the world joining outlying communities to “a middle place or entrance to the underworld -Chaco elite contained skilled astronomers who constructed observatorys of three large rock slabs situated so as to throw a beam of light across a spiral rock carving behind the summer solstice