CHOOSING A RESEARCH PROJECT © LOUIS COHEN, LAWRENCE MANION AND KEITH MORRISON © 2018 Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion and Keith Morrison; individual chapters, the contributors

STRUCTURE OF THE CHAPTER What gives rise to the research project? (How to choose a research project) The importance of the research The purposes of the research Is the research practicable? Research questions The scope of the literature review A summary of key issues in choosing a research topic or project © 2018 Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion and Keith Morrison; individual chapters, the contributors

CHOOSING A RESEARCH PROJECT A problem encountered in everyday work or outside their everyday work; An issue that the researcher has read about or seen; A problem that has arisen in the locality, e.g. in response to government policy or practices or to local developments; An area of the researcher’s own interest; An area of the researcher’s own experience; A perceived area of importance; An interesting question; A testable guess or hunch; A topical matter; Disquiet with a particular research finding that one has met in the literature or a piece of policy; © 2018 Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion and Keith Morrison; individual chapters, the contributors

CHOOSING A RESEARCH PROJECT An awareness that a particular issue or area has been incompletely addressed, and a wish to plug the gap; A wish to apply a piece of conceptual research to actual practice, or to test a theory in practice; A wish to rework the conceptual or theoretical frameworks that are often used in a specific area; A wish to revise or replace the methodologies that are often used in researching a specific area; A desire to improve practice in a particular area; A desire to involve participants in research and development; © 2018 Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion and Keith Morrison; individual chapters, the contributors

CHOOSING A RESEARCH PROJECT A desire to test out a particular methodology in research; An interest in seeing if reported practice holds true for the researcher’s own context (e.g. a comparative study); An interest in investigating the causes of a phenomenon or the effects of a particular intervention in the area of the phenomenon; A priority identified by funding agencies; An issue identified by the researcher’s supervisor or a project team of which the researcher is a member. © 2018 Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion and Keith Morrison; individual chapters, the contributors

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE RESEARCH Is the research significant? What difference will the research make? Does the originality of the research render it significant? How and where does the research move forward the field? Where do originality and significance lie in the research: Conceptually Theoretically Methodologically Substantively © 2018 Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion and Keith Morrison; individual chapters, the contributors

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE RESEARCH What is the likely impact of the research? What is the use of the research – what will it ‘deliver’? What benefit will the research bring, and to whom? Is the research worth doing? © 2018 Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion and Keith Morrison; individual chapters, the contributors

THE PURPOSES OF THE RESEARCH What are the ‘deliverables’ in the research? What does the research seek to do? What do you wish to come from the research? © 2018 Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion and Keith Morrison; individual chapters, the contributors

EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT PURPOSES OF RESEARCH To examine effects of causes To evaluate an intervention To examine causes of effects To look at an issue in detail To generalize To look at long-term effects Classroom-based research To investigate sensitive issues or groups To develop theory To see what happens if . . . To test a theory/hypothesis To test practice To clarify concepts To identify common features To investigate and examine To collect opinions To model To compare To look at trends To collect views To critique policy/practice © 2018 Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion and Keith Morrison; individual chapters, the contributors

FITNESS FOR PURPOSE: PURPOSES OF RESEARCH DRIVE DIFFERENT KINDS OF RESEARCH Accounts Action research Case study Comparative study Correlational research Covert research Descriptive research Discourse analysis Ethnography Evaluative research Experiment Grounded theory Historical research Ideology critique Interpretive research Literature-based research Longitudinal research Meta-analysis Multilevel research Multiple regression Network analysis Observational study © 2018 Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion and Keith Morrison; individual chapters, the contributors

FITNESS FOR PURPOSE: PURPOSES OF RESEARCH DRIVE DIFFERENT KINDS OF RESEARCH Personal constructs Research synthesis Role-play Simulation Structural equation modelling and causal modelling Survey Testing © 2018 Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion and Keith Morrison; individual chapters, the contributors

IS THE RESEARCH PRACTICABLE? Access People, institutions, data sources Permission People, institutions, review panels Informed consent and ethical issues Scope of research Disposition, commitment and expertise of researcher Duration of research Availability of resources Human, material, temporal, administrative, supervision © 2018 Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion and Keith Morrison; individual chapters, the contributors

WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF THE RESEARCH QUESTION? A practical concern A literature review Identifying a gap in the literature or field of study (gap-filling) Identifying where the research can build on existing literature A theoretical concern, enabling theories to be generated and tested A policy Concerns in the media and blogs (including the Internet) Society, empirical data Personal experience, interest or observation Colleagues and contacts Experts and practitioners in the field © 2018 Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion and Keith Morrison; individual chapters, the contributors

WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF THE RESEARCH QUESTION? Conferences and conventions Faculty seminars, research groups, discussion groups and workshops Students Societies, associations, research bodies and special interest groups Spotting where areas are neglected, e.g. overlooked/under-researched Existing studies and influential theories Challenge to, problematization of, an assumption, agenda or existing theory A novel idea which challenges existing ideas or practices Funding bodies and/or project directors Spotting where applications may lie Spotting where confusions need to be clarified Spotting where new methodologies and research methods might be applied Others © 2018 Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion and Keith Morrison; individual chapters, the contributors

GENERATING INTERESTING RESEARCH QUESTIONS Step One: Identify a domain of literature Step Two: Identify and articulate the assumptions that underlie that domain Step Three: Evaluate the assumptions that underlie that domain Step Four: Develop an alternative assumption ground Step Five: Consider this alternative assumption ground in relation to its audience Step Six: Evaluate the alternative assumption ground © 2018 Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion and Keith Morrison; individual chapters, the contributors

RESEARCH QUESTIONS Research questions must be operational, yielding concrete answers to research purposes and research objectives. Clarity Complexity Comprehensibility Comprehensiveness Concreteness Contents Difficulty Ease of answering Focus Kinds of data required to answer them Purposes Specificity Utility of the answers provided © 2018 Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion and Keith Morrison; individual chapters, the contributors

TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTION ‘How?’ ‘Wh’ questions: who, where, why, what, what if, when Achievement Alternatives to something Causation Comparisons Correlations Description Evaluation Explanation Exploring Factors Function or purpose How to achieve outcomes How to achieve something How to do something How to improve or develop something Prediction Processes Properties and characteristics Relations (e.g. between variables, people, events) Stages of something Structures of something Testing Types of something Understanding © 2018 Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion and Keith Morrison; individual chapters, the contributors

SCOPE OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW Gives credibility and legitimacy to the research. Shows that the research is up-to-date, focuses on key issues, is aware of the theoretical, conceptual, methodological and substantive problems in the field. Clarifies key concepts, issues, terms and meanings. Leads into the researcher’s study, raising issues, showing where there are gaps in the research field, how to move the field forwards, and justifying the need for the research. Shows the researcher’s own critical judgement on prior research or theoretical matters in the field. © 2018 Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion and Keith Morrison; individual chapters, the contributors

SCOPE OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW Provides new theoretical, conceptual, methodological and substantive insights and issues for research. Sets the context for the research and establishes key issues to be addressed. The literature must inform the research, not simply stand alone with no relation to what comes after. © 2018 Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion and Keith Morrison; individual chapters, the contributors