Magnitude 7.6, Sumatra, Sept

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Presentation transcript:

Magnitude 7.6, Sumatra, Sept 30 2009

Where do Earthquakes Occur? Earthquakes occur along plate boundaries, MOST OF THE TIME. However, earthquakes can occur anywhere. One of the interesting things is how in some places earthquakes deepen as you go away from plate boundaries These occur along subduction zones. Why? Marshak

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Where do earthquakes occur? A closer look Faults Listric faults (large landslides: gravitational collapse of volcanic edifices) Around Volcanos “Anthropogenic Earthquakes” Collapse of mine shafts Explosions

The Kursk Disaster On August 12, 2000 the Russian Oscar-Class Submarine, Kursk sank, killing all aboard… What happened (and what does this have to do with earthquakes)? Seismology (the study of earthquakes) gave clues about what happened. Russian officials later admitted that the disaster was the result of a faulty torpedo. Lesson: You Can’t Hide Big Explosions

October 8, 2006 North Korea Nuclear Test

Earthquakes come in all shapes and sizes shear) Earthquakes come in all shapes and sizes Right vs. Left Lateral Marshak

Qualitative measurement depends on: INTENSITY: Amount of ground motion = Destructive Power Qualitative measurement depends on: Magnitude Distance from focus Depth of focus Rock type Building type MAGNITUDE: Quantitative measure of the amount of energy released. The Richter Scale is logarithmic.

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How Big is Big? If the ENTIRE San Andreas Fault ruptured at once…

Percent Chance of a strong to great earthquake in the next 30 years along the San Andreas Fault

What happens during an earthquake?

Types of deformation Marshak

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What happens during an earthquake? Marshak

May 24, 2006 Magnitude 5.4

Surface Rupture Marshak

What happens during an Earthquake? Kobe, Japan January, 1995 Magnitude 6.9

SEISMIC WAVES The energy of an earthquake is dissipated by waves P (“primary”) Waves Compressional Push-pull motion Transmitted through liquids S (“secondary”) Waves Shear Side-to-side (and up-and-down) motion Slower than P waves Not transmitted through liquids Surface Waves Rayleigh waves (rotational motion, think waves in water) Love waves (Side-to-side motion)

P Waves S Waves Marshak

Rayleigh Waves Love Waves Marshak

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