Do Now- Read Jackson’s quote below and detail what you believe his policy regarding Native Americans will be? Our conduct toward these people is deeply interesting to our national character… Our ancestors found them the uncontrolled possessors of these vast regions. By persuasion and force they have been made to retire from river to river and from mountain to mountain, until some of the tribes have become extinct and others have left but remnants to preserve for awhile their once terrible names. Surrounded by the whites with their arts of civilization, which by destroying the resources of the savage doom him to weakness and decay, the fate of the Mohegan, the Narragansett, and the Delaware is fast overtaking the Choctaw, the Cherokee and the Creek. That this fate surely awaits them if they remain within the limits of the States does not admit of a doubt. Humanity and national honor demand that every effort should be made to avert such a calamity.

What is the main point of this cartoon? How are the natives depicted? What does this cartoon say about Jackson and his role with the natives?

English Colonial Policy Co-existence French and Indian War Reduced French influence with natives Proclamation of 1763 Keep colonists east of Appalachian Mountains to prevent problems with Natives Revolutionary War and War of 1812 England sided with the natives

Northwest Ordinance “The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent; and in their property, rights, and liberty they never shall be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress; but laws founded in justice and humanity shall from time to time be made for preventing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with them.” Land can’t be taken from them?

Early US Policy under GW Recognized the tribes as separate nations and acquired lands through treaties and land purchases Indian Trade and Intercourse Act 1790 Prevented non-natives from moving onto “Indian” lands Renewed every year until 1834 BUT, we often violated these treaties and redrew the lines they way we wanted the territory divided

Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians (1787) Christianize Civilize Assimilate Education Vocational training Agricultural skills

Henry Clay quote (1820) Indians are essentially inferior to the Anglo-Saxon race … and their disappearance from the human family would be no great loss to the world

Indian Removal Act (1830) Endorsed by Andrew Jackson Passed by Congress Congress $$ to buy native lands Power to force natives off lands east of the Mississippi River and relocation to the West

Why US wanted this policy Gold discovered in Georgia in lands owned by natives Tobacco overproduction depleted lands quickly in east Expansion of cotton industry Security against native raids $$$$$$$$$$$

Jackson vs. the Cherokees Cherokees tried to fight the Indian Removal Act Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia (1831) Cherokee’s claimed Removal Act violated Constitution and previous treaties…. Who wins? Court acknowledges mistreatment, and broken treaties BUT.. Court denied them because Indians were dependent nations within a nation (US), not a foreign nation, so therefore they couldn’t sue to Supreme Court…. Who won???? Worcester vs. Georgia (1832) Ga. Residents had to get license to live within Cherokee lands Worcester was a missionary supportive of Cherokees Natives were a distinct community with self-government (foreign nation), so a state government (Georgia) couldn’t enforce laws against them Only the federal government could deal with sovereign nations Therefore, Indian Removal Act was unconstitutional!!Georgia couldn’t force out the Cherokees!!! Their lands are sovereign.

Jackson vs. the Supreme Court The main role of the President regarding laws????? Execute and enforce federal laws…. So what does AJ do????? “John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it”!!!!!!- AJ Jackson ordered federal troops to forcibly remove Cherokees He did give the natives $9 million for the lands BUT…. HE CHARGED THE NATIVES $5 MILLION FOR THE EXPENSE IN USING THE ARMY TO REMOVE THEM!!!!! CHECKS AND BALANCES??? AJ is strong executive Congress fears/agrees w/AJ Supreme Court has no power to go against AJ

TRAIL OF TEARS- 1831-38 The 5 “Civilized” Tribes were forced out starting in 1831 5,000 Chocktaw died in 1832 15,000 Cherokee forced to Oklahoma 4,000 died on the way 3,500 of 15,000 Creeks died in 1836 trek Jackson’s policy eventually forced 100,000 natives uprooted from the east

What strikes you odd about this picture detailing the Trail of Tears?

Native American Art depicting Trail of Tears

Native Territory (Oklahoma) Present day Oklahoma chosen as the site to move the Natives to WHY????? CRAPPY LAND DUSTY, NOT FARMABLE BORDERS MEXICO

What is the problem by organizing the Indian Territory in this manner?

1490

1850-1890 native land

2000 native land