Jan. 8, 2018 You need: Clean paper (2) / pencil Cloud model (cut/color/paste) Warm Up: Mental Math Quiz will begin shortly. Be ready! I CAN: use symbols to communicate weather data.

Bomb Cyclone Storm http://abcnews.go.com/US/video/fire-truck-drives-flooded-boston-street-52148127

HEAT TRANSFER

Condensation Precipitation Transpiration Run-off heat Flows Evaporation ocean largest 75 process moves earth atmosphere

UNEVEN HEATING The uneven heating of the air that causes wind is created not only by different colors on Earth’s surface, but also by: Different surfaces (grass vs. snow vs. water, etc.) Pollution in some areas Different amounts of sunlight due to seasons, clouds, etc.

Sea Breeze

Land Breeze

Climate vs Weather Global vs Local winds LARGE scale = overall pattern, trend small scale = daily, weekly, small times Global vs Local winds LARGE scale = Over the entire Earth small scale = tiny area…usually land beside water.

Global winds 1 2 3 4 5 Polar easterlies Prevailing westerlies Horse latitudes 4 Trade winds 5 Equator / Doldrums

United States of America

Coriolis Effect – the effect on the air caused by the rotation of the earth.

Global winds 1 2 3 4 5 Polar easterlies Prevailing westerlies Horse latitudes 4 Trade winds 5 Equator / Doldrums

Air Masses & Fronts

How are Air Masses named? WET DRY MARITIME TROPICAL CONTINENTAL TROPICAL WARM MARITIME POLAR CONTINENTAL POLAR COLD

How do these air masses move? MARITIME POLAR CONTINENTAL POLAR MARITIME POLAR Jet Stream That’s why weather generally moves WEST to EAST in the U.S. Jet Stream Prevailing Westerlies Prevailing Westerlies MARITIME TROPICAL MARITIME TROPICAL CONTINENTAL TROPICAL

What happens when air masses meet? Air masses don’t mix easily. The line between air masses is called a front.

Compare/Contrast Chart - Types of Fronts How it Forms Type of Weather Cold A fast-moving cold air mass overtakes a warm air mass. Clouds form. If warm air is humid, rain/snow may fall. Possible thunderstorms. Warm Front A warm air mass overtakes a slow-moving cold air mass. Scattered clouds. Light rain or snow. May last several days. Stationary Front Cold and warm air meet, but neither can move the other. Creates “standoff” Rain, snow, clouds, or fog that may last for days. Occluded Front A warm air mass is caught between 2 cooler air masses. Warm air mass is pushed up. Temperature gets cooler. Clouds and rain may form.

Surface Map (Fronts & Precipitation) Warm Front H High Pressure Occluded Front L Low Pressure Cold Front Stationary Front

Reading maps Isobar…lines connecting areas of similar BAR-ometric pressure. Isotherm…lines connecting areas of similar temperature.

H L What will happen to the weather in Little Rock? Which direction is the warm front moving? L H 12°C 19°C 14°C 20°C 25°C Tuesday Weather Little Rock, AR Clouds & Rain Warmer = 21°C Wednesday Weather Little Rock, AR Partly Sunny Warmer = 26°C Monday Weather Little Rock, AR Sun & clear skies Cool = 15°C 28°C 21°C 26°C 15°C 30°C Warm Front H High Pressure Occluded Front L Low Pressure Cold Front Stationary Front

Which direction is the cold front moving? What will happen to the weather in Nashville? 10°C 8°C 18°C 10°C 11°C Thursday Weather Nashville, TN Partly Sunny Warm = 20°C Saturday Weather Nashville, TN Sunny Cool = 10°C Friday Weather Nashville, TN Thunderstorms Cooler = 15°C 10°C 20°C 15°C Warm Front H High Pressure Occluded Front L Low Pressure Cold Front Stationary Front

How do clouds form? 1) Warm, moist air rises and cools. 3) Water vapor condenses forming a cloud. 2) Air cools to dew point causing condensation. How do clouds form?

Clouds are classified according to SHAPE Flat clouds = “Stratus” Fluffy clouds = “Cumulus” Wispy clouds = “Cirrus”

Clouds are also classified by ALTITUDE HIGH LEVEL (cirro-) MID LEVEL (alto-) LOW LEVEL (stratus)

Weather Station Model Look on page 259 in your textbook. Find figure 15 (upper right) and copy it onto your paper. Copy symbols and what each means. Now turn to page 260 and look at the mini-lab (bottom). Copy the symbols and interpret the weather for each station. Why not write it out in a paragraph? How can we use symbols to help?

Page 259 Copy the symbols. Note where they put the information. For example, the 11 o’clock position shows temperature. WRITE THAT DOWN!!

H A C Check the visual for Station # 1. Temp = A = 52 deg F Wind direction = WEST Wind speed = 20 knots C Temp = A = 52 deg F Dew Point = C = 46 deg F Barometric Pressure = H = 064 millibars

NCFE tutorial We are going to the computer lab – do NOT log onto the computer. NCFE tutorial

Hurricane Sandy 10/27/12- After sweeping across the Caribbean, causing at least 40 deaths in Cuba and Haiti, Hurricane Sandy is on a path toward the U.S. eastern coast. Currently projected to make landfall near Delaware early Tuesday, its 75-mph winds are already threatening the coast of North Carolina. Because it is expected to collide with two winter weather systems as it progresses inland, meteorologists are predicting that it will bring torrential rain, high winds and up to two feet of snow. After landfall, it could advance throughout New England and the mid-Atlantic states. Though it is impossible to be sure what will happen next, those who live on the Eastern seaboard should prepare for days without electricity. Extra food and water, plus emergency radios and spare batteries, should be on hand. http://hands.org/2012/10/27/hurricane-sandy/

STATS The hurricane caused tens of billions of dollars in damages; New York was most severely impacted due to damage to subways and roadway tunnels. West Virginia and Tennessee received nearly three feet of snow as a result of the storm. In New York and New Jersey, the storm surges were higher than 13 feet above the average low tide. At the height of the storm, more than 7.5 million people were without power. For some residents, power would not return for weeks. It is estimated that the storm caused $50 billion in losses, placing it among the worst disasters ever to hit the U.S. http://disasterphilanthropy.org/where/current-disasters/hurricane-sandy/

Video Footage

Hurricane names You have a list on your table… “Atlantic Names” These are names given to the storms that are “born” in the Atlantic Ocean. What patterns do you see?

What do we “do” with a storm? In the interest of information, we typically track a storm. Path – and therefore ability to warn Intensity – and again, ability to warn By tracking we can better understand and predict. We know WHO to warn and WHAT type of warning to give (evacuate or just “hunker down”)

What do we “do” with a storm? Tracking helps us to keep people safe, but it’s also helpful to analyze our reactions after the fact. If you have an emergency plan, more lives can be saved, recovery afterward is quicker. What if the plan doesn’t work? What if you don’t have a plan – wouldn’t analyzing reactions to previous storms help you to create an effective plan?

Hurricane Floyd Hit North Carolina September 1999 Hit about two weeks after Hurricane Dennis hit a similar path/area Flood waters were more damaging than wind speeds Let’s see the Storm Stories episode (disc 2)

Hurricane Dennis Hurricane Floyd TS and TD (up to 73) Sept.8, 1999 Cat 1 (74-95) Sept.16, 1999

Hurricane Katrina Hit New Orleans…which is below sea level August (23-31), 2005 Hit about six weeks after Hurricane Dennis (of 2005) Category 3…but was coming down from 5 Wind speeds of up to 175 mph BIGGEST damage was after the storm… Let’s see the Storm Stories episode (disc 5?)