WH Chapter 4 Ancient Greece 1900 – 133 BCE

First Greek Civilizations

Section 1 – Early Greeks and City States Objectives 1. How did geography influence Greek history? 2. How did the Minoans and Mycenaeans affect Greek civilization? 3. How did Greek city-states develop?

Impact of Geography

Impact of Geography

Impact of Geography Greece is two mountainous peninsulas, causing the development of several city-states The Greeks relied on the sea and many Greeks sailed into the Aegean and IonianSeas The Greeks spread their influence throughout the Mediterranean

The Minoan Civilization

The Minoan Civilization By 2800 BCE, the Minoan civilization was established on the island of Crete. Arthur Evans, British archaeologist, discovered the remains of the city of Knossos 1450 BCE, the Minoans suffered a catastrophe

The Minoan Civilization

The Minoan Civilization

First Greek City State: Mycenae

First Greek City State: Mycenae 1600 BCE, the Mycenaean civilization developed The Mycenaean civilization was discovered by Heinrich Schliemann, German archaeologist The Mycenaean civilization was made up of powerful monarchies. The royal families lived behind the protection of fortified walls. The royal family were buried in tholos tombs.

Mycenaean Architecture

First Greek City State: Mycenae The Mycenaean's were a warrior culture. They developed an extensive commercial (trade) network. Homer, Greek storyteller, is known for stories dealing with the Trojan War Due to wars between the Mycenaean states and earthquakes, the Mycenaean civilization collapsed.

City States The Greek word for city-state is polis Most city-states were built on a hill called an acropolis Each city-state had a market place called an agora Each city-state was independent from the others.

Greeks in a Dark Age Iron replaced bronze during the Dark Age. The Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet. Homer’s two great epic poems Iliad – story of the Trojan War (centered on the character of Achilles) Odyssey – story of Odysseus’ journey home to Ithaca

Homer

Greeks in a Dark Age Homer’s poems established a set of values for Greek men to live by (courage, honor) The Greek hero struggled for arete(excellence achieved in a battle or contest)

Odyssey

Create a Polis (City State) 1. Create a city state…create a name. 2. Locate and label the following locations…acropolis (city state government), agora, farmlands (grapes, lemons) pastures (lambs), ampitheatre 3. Who is the god or goddess of your city state…locate and label the temple

Greek Government Originally, chieftains ruled the Greek city-states. Later, Greek city states were controlled by nobles which were known as __________________________________ Heavily armed Greek infantry who carried long spears were known as __________________________________

Government…cont. Leaders who illegally took power but had the people’s support were __________________________________ A government were the people should rule themselves and the citizens take part is a __________________________________

Section 2 – The Greek City States Sparta The Spartans conquered their neighbors The captured people were known as helots Males spent their childhood learning military discipline Spartan men began military service at age 20…they served until age 60. Spartan women lived at home and were responsible for maintaining the house

Section 2 – The Greek City States The Spartan government was an oligarchy (a form of government in which all power  is vested in a few persons or in a dominant class or clique; government by  the few.) Spartans were not allowed to travel abroad.

Section 2 – The Greek City States B. Athenian Economy Most citizens were farmers (olives, grapes, figs). Used terracing to plant crops. *(Terracing – carving small plots from hillsides). Established overseas trade – Imports – goods bought from another country or region) Exports – goods sold to another country or region

Section 2 – The Greek City States A. Athenian Economy (Cont. Trade was main part of Athenian economy (Mediterranean trade) B. Home and Family Life Citizens lived in simple homes but believed that money should be spent on public buildings to benefit the whole community. Parents arranged marriages for their daughters at age 13 or 14

Section 2 – The Greek City States B. Home and Family Life Some babies were abandoned and left to die for financial or health reasons. Women were considered inferior. Subject to their husband’s authority. Children were taken care of until age 6 Boys were placed under the care of a pedagogue at age 7.

Section 2 – The Greek City States C. Education and Military Service Great value on education Athenians prized physical fitness and intelligence. Age 18 – military service (hoplites)

Section 3 – Expansion of Greece A. Persian Wars 1. First war Led by the Persian ruler, Darius Battle of Marathon – Persians defeated 10 year peace 2. Second War 480 BC – Xerxes, Darius’ son, attacked Greece Battle of Thermopylae – 300 Spartans City of Athens destroyed by the Persians Persians defeated in 479 BC

Section 3 – Expansion of Greece C. Peloponnesian War 431 BC – war broke out between Athens and Sparta (Peloponnesian War) – the city-states sided with Athens or Sparta Athens placed under siege Sparta, with the help of Persia, forced Athens to surrender The Peloponnesian War led to instability and the downfall of Greece

Writing Assignment Describe the society and economy of Ancient (Classical) Athens. Describe daily life for the Athenians.

Section Three – Classical Greek Culture Objectives 1. What were the main religious beliefs and practices of the ancient Greeks? 2. Describe and analyze the architecture, art and plays of Ancient Greece. 3. What are the contributions Socrates, Plato and Aristotle made to philosophy.

Religion Greeks developed stories about their gods and goddesses known as mythology Where did the gods and goddesses live? Mount Olympus Special priest and priestesses who were believed to answer questions about the future were oracles Athletic contests held every 4 years to honor the gods and goddesses were the Olympic Games (776 BCE)

Olympic Games

Religion

Greek Arts Architecture Temples Parthenon Sculpture

Greek Theater Tragedies Comedies Playwright - Sophocles

Greek Philosophy Philosophy – organized system of thought Socrates – used the Socratic method of teaching philosophy to his students Plato – one of Socrates’ students, searching for reality. What is real? Aristotle – Plato’s most famous student, analyzed and classified based on observation

Section 5 – Expansion of Greece B. Age of Pericles Athens placed in charge of the Delian League (alliance of Greek city-states) Athens reached greatest level under the leadership of Pericles Increased the size of the Athenian empire Pericles moved the treasury of the Delian League to Athens