Ch.1 Section #2

Place (a point on Earth): Unique Location of a Feature Uniqueness of Place Place (a point on Earth): Unique Location of a Feature Four ways to identify location: - Place Names - Site - Situation -GPS: Latitude/Longitude

Identifying Places Place Names (toponym) –words we give to identify a location - Ex. St. Louis Site – physical character of a place - Ex. Topography, climate, elevation, water sources, etc Situation – location of a place, relative to other places - Ex. Missouri’s in the Midwest, south of Iowa, north of Arkansas, just west of the Mississippi River

Region: A Unique Area Region: An area on Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics is a region. Geographers identify three types of regions. Formal Region (aka uniform region) An area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics Ex. Political Unit, economic activity, or climate

Functional Region (aka nodal region) An area organized around focal point The characteristic chosen to define a functional region dominates at a central focus and diminishes in importance outward. Ex. Circulation of a newspaper, holy site, cellphone tower Vernacular Region (aka perceptual region) An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity. Ex. American South, Middle East, China town Functional Region – New technology is breaking down traditional functional regions, because the Internet and satellite dish television reach patrons farther and farther away from a central node. Vernacular Region – A useful way to identify perceptual regions is to get someone to draw a mental map, which is a internal representation of a portion of Earth’s surface, as one perceives it.

Globalization of Economy Globalization: Force/process that involves the entire world results in making something scope. Think: “goes viral” Globalization of Economy Transnational corporations, sometimes called multinational corporations. Every place in the world is part of the global economy, but globalization has led to more specialization at the local level. In a global economy, transnational corporations remain competitive by correctly identifying the optimal location for each of its activities.

FIGURE 1-22 GLOBALIZATION OF ECONOMY Most North Face clothing is manufactured in Latin America and Asia. The company’s headquarters is in San Leandro, California, the headquarters of its parent VF Corporation is in Greensboro, North Carolina, and manufacturing is managed from its Hong Kong office.

Globalization Globalization of Culture Geographers observe that increasingly uniform cultural preferences produce uniform “global” landscapes of material artifacts and of cultural values. Example: Fast-food restaurants, service stations, and retail chains deliberately create a visual appearance that locations differ as little as possible.

Figure 1-23 GLOBALIZATION OF CULTURE McDonald’s has more than 32,000 restaurants in 117 countries. To promote global uniformity of its restaurants, the company erects signs around the world that include two golden arches.

Diffusion: Characteristic spreads across space one place to another Innovation: New/existing object, idea or characteristic becomes something new to better life. Hearth: Where the innovation begins. 2 Types of Diffusion: Connection refers to relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space. Diffusion is the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another overtime.

Spatial Diffusion Expansion Relocation Spatial Diffusion: the process of dissemination, the spread of an idea or innovation from its Hearth to other areas. Spatial Diffusion Expansion Relocation Expansion: The spread of ideas (products) through interaction between people in different locations Relocation / Migration: The spread of a feature or trend through physical movement of people from one place to another

Diffusion 2. Expansion Diffusion Spread the feature from one place to another in an additive process Hierarchical diffusion: spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places Contagious diffusion: rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population Stimulus Diffusion: Spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse. Connection refers to relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space. Diffusion is the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another overtime.

New York Paris London Tokyo South Ogden, UT? Spatial Diffusion Relocation Expansion Hierarchical Contagious Stimulus Hierarchical Diffusion The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places (jumps around) New York Paris London Tokyo South Ogden, UT?

Contagious Diffusion Hierarchical Contagious Stimulus Spatial Diffusion Relocation Expansion Hierarchical Contagious Stimulus Contagious Diffusion The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.

Stimulus Diffusion Hierarchical Contagious Stimulus Spatial Diffusion Relocation Expansion Hierarchical Contagious Stimulus Stimulus Diffusion The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.

Spatial Interaction The farther away someone is from you, the less likely you two are to interact. Distance Decay: Decay of importance with increasing distances Example: Observed between locations or ethnic groups- the further apart they are, the less likely it is that they will interact very much. Friction of distance: Distance usually requires some amount of effort, money, and/or energy to overcome Example: Purchasing gasoline, one will tend to use stations that are located nearby rather than traveling a considerable distance for fuel. Space-time Compression: Reduction in time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place with improved technologies Example: Internet, plane The increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the core and periphery that results from the globalization of the economy is known as on uneven development.

Spatial Analysis- Looking at a space to see if there is a pattern or connection Density- frequency with which something occurs in space Involves the number of a feature and the land area Concentration- extent of a feature’s spread over space THINK ABOUT: Is it clustered or dispersed? 3. Pattern- geometric arrangement

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION 7 Density – number of times (something occurs) per area Concentration/Dispersio n – how close something is to another item Pattern – geometric arrangement Group 1 Group 2

Environment Relationships Cultural Ecology: Human-environment relationships THINK ABOUT: Ways to conserve resources and exploit resources Environmental determinism: How the physical environment caused human activities THINK ABOUT: Why do you eat certain the foods, wear certain clothing, or participate in certain activities?

Uneven Development: Increasing Gap in economic conditions between Core and Peripheral regions

STOP Group activity: Prezi