LAT Durability Task Force Experimental Activities Exhaust Line Temperature Measurement Brussels, 13 September 2017

Contents Exhaust temperature measurement On the vehicle On the engine test bench Combined tests Exhaust aftertreatment ageing testing activities 2

Vehicle Exhaust Temperature Measurement: Objectives Objective: (Surface) Temperature across exhaust line + Emissions (dyno testing) Cold & hot WLTC Cold & hot SRC Open points: Both gaseous and particulate emissions? How many repetitions of each test? Provision of necessary input data for testing (e.g. inertia, road load, data for calculating WLTC gear shifting, dyno mode, test temperature)? Gear shifting for SRC?  Run the same protocol with JRC 3

Vehicle Exhaust Temperature Measurement: Objectives (Surface) Temperature across exhaust line (+Emissions, if needed) Tests with DPF regeneration RDE test Notes For test 1: LAT can run forced and controlled DPF regeneration for some vehicles, on the chassis dyno For test 2: LAT has run similar tests on the road – Additional safety issues will be considered for the individual vehicles to be tested. 4

Vehicle Exhaust Temperature Measurement: Example Surface temperature measurement across exhaust line On-road On the chassis dyno Random driving & cool down in both cases Vehicle: Diesel 2lt, MT6, EU6 EAT devices: cDPF, SCR Temperature measurement: Engine out (=cDPF in, after turbo) cDPF out (=SCR in) SCR out Additional thermocouples can be installed engine out SCR out cDPF out SCR cDPF 5

Vehicle On-Road Measurement: Example Random driving (mainly motorway) Cool down during soaking 6

Vehicle Chassis Dyno Measurement: Example Random driving (similar to EUDC) Cool down during soaking 7

Exhaust Temperature Measurement: Engine Test Bench Transient engine dyno at LAT Euro 6 engine – diesel Modular exhaust lines (DOC/DPF/SCR/LNT) – capability for close-coupling Capability to replicate WLTC and SRC for typical vehicles the engine is fitted Capability to control DPF regeneration Thermocouples in various position in the exhaust line (before and after EAT devices) Thermocouples inside the EAT device(s) Advantage: Very good repeatability (compared to vehicle testing) 8

Exhaust Temperature Measurement: Combined Tests Combined vehicle and engine testing Vehicle testing: Surface temperature measurement across exhaust line (on exhaust pipe and/or on EAT device surface), during WLTC and SRC (and even on-road testing) Engine testing: Temperature measurement inside the exhaust line and the EAT devices (+surface measurement) Use of test data in modeling (AxiHEAT)  correlation between temperature data at various points Selection of a vehicle fitted with the available engine The respective EAT devices must be sourced for the engine dyno LAT has run such an activity in the past, replicating the on-road vehicle behaviour on the engine dyno Limitations A rental car will be (probably) used availability condition of EAT devices  effect on emissions 9

Engine Test Bench Measurements Usual position of thermocouples Flow direction 10mm ½ length 5mm 15mm Plugs 10

Active cDPF Regeneration 11

WLTC Results – cDPF Temperature Distribution 12

Cold & Hot NEDC – TWC Temperature Distribution 13

Exhaust Aftertreatment Device Ageing EAT devices ageing tests Evaluation of EAT condition: conversion efficiency vs temperature Engine Test Bench (ETB) (most probably) or Synthetic Gas Bench (SGB) Vehicle emissions over WLTC with the EAT device at fresh and aged conditions Surface analysis of the fresh and aged samples EAT device ageing procedure engine: thermal + chemical ageing (time consuming, limited availability of equipment) oven: thermal ageing (possibility also for hydrothermal) 14

EAT device surface analysis methods available at LAT/AUTh Analyzed characteristics Relevant for Available at AUTh or accessible If yes: what type, where TEM1,4 (HAADF-STEM/EDX) Particle size, dispersion of metals (poisons/Pt migration to SCR) DOC, SCR,CUC Yes, Available at AUTh, Physics Department   XRD2,3,4,10 Crystallinity, growth of crystallite size (support sintering), formation of new crystalline size DOC, SCR, CUC Yes, Available at AUTh, Department of Chemical Engineering  TPO/TPR5 Oxidation state of metal Yes, Available at AUTh, Laboratory of Petrochemical Technology, Chemical Engineering Department NOx/NH3/S-TPD6,9 Sorption capacity SCR Yes, Available at AUTh, Laboratory of Petrochemical Technology, Chemical Engineering Department CO/H2 Chemisorption8 Dispersion, masking of active sites DOC IR (DRIFTS)5 Identify the nature of adsorbed hydrocarbons/coke, sulfur species DOC, SCR Yes, Available at AUTh, Laboratory of Petrochemical Technology, Chemical Engineering Department EPMA7,10 Ash profile DPF, SCR XPS1 Depth profiling of elements (detection of surface poisons) TGA-DTA/ TG-MS3 Amount of deposited carbon (coke) 27Al Solid MAS NMR4 Degree of dealumination SCR (zeolite catalysts) Yes, Available at Available at AUTh, Chemical Engineering Department- not clear if the 27Al probe is available XRF10 Quantitative analysis of distribution of poisons (phosphorus, sulfur) Yes, Available at AUTh, Department of Chemistry and Geology BET Evaluation of surface area Yes, Available at AUTh, Chemistry Department  Optical Microscopy11 Visual investigation of ash/fibers/deposits DPF Yes, Available at AUTh, Physical Metallurgy Lab, Mechanical Engineering Department LECO combustion12 Quantitative analysis of carbon and sulfur Yes Raman spectroscopy13 Crystal and molecular structure of soot Yes, Available at AUTh, Chemical Engineering Department Pulsed and flow measurements for OSC Oxygen storage capacity and oxygen mobility of CeO2 TWC/LNT/PNA Yes, Available at AUTh, Petrochemical Technology Lab, Chemical Engineering Department CT scan Cracks in ceramic substrate, ash distribution DPF/SCRF Yes, Available at AUTh, LAT SEM/EDS Particulate Matter (PM) samples and point analysis of areas in order to identify regional variations in Elemental Distribution

Surface analysis indicative results Ash layer inside the channels of a DPF Pt particles aggregation upon DOC ageing Fresh DOC Aged DOC Pt particles DPF cracking due to thermal shock after drop-to-idle