Figure 1 Cellular processes involved in cancer development

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Figure 1 Cellular processes involved in cancer development Figure 1 | Cellular processes involved in cancer development. External stimuli, such as hormones and growth factors, stimulate receptors on the cellular membrane, leading to activation of downstream pathways. These pathways lead to activation of transcription factors and, thus, gene expression. RNA is either translated to functional proteins or can have regulatory functions on its own. In cancer cells, many processes eventually lead to increased cellular proliferation by amplifying cell growth, evading cell cycle arrest and evading apoptosis. Abbreviations: EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; FGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptor; p53, cellular tumour antigen p53; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. van Kessel, K. E. M. et al. (2015) Targeted therapies in bladder cancer: an overview of in vivo research Nat. Rev. Urol. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2015.231