The Eye Processing in Brain Color Vision The Eye Processing in Brain Color

Detects (some) Electromagnetic Energy!

The Eye Cornea Iris & Pupil Lens Retina (Transduction) -Rods -Cones on Fovea Optic Nerve -Ganglion Cells Floaters Distorted Face Effect

The Brain Visual Cortex: Located in Occipital Lobes. Optic Nerve connects to Thalamus, which routes data to… Visual Cortex: Located in Occipital Lobes. Information from each side of visual field gets processed in the Opposite hemisphere of the Brain. Parallel Processing: Different aspects of visual field get processed simultaneously, but separately -Areas for Color, Movement, Shape, Depth -Then compared to memories to create perception. Stroop Effect: Blue Orange Red Yellow Purple Green Neuropsychological Disorders Visual Agnosia: Can’t recognize objects Akinetopsia: Can’t detect movement Prosopagnosia: Faceblindness Blindsight: Localized area of blindness Feature Detectors: Clusters of neurons that “recognize” key aspects of stimuli (Movements, Shapes, Angles)

Color It is assigned by the brain (a label, not reality). Hue (color) determined by Wavelength. Intensity is determined by Amplitude.

Color Trichromatic Theory (3-Colors) Red Cones- Detect long Wavelengths Green Cones- Detect medium Wavelengths Blue Cones- Detect short Wavelengths Opponent Process Theory Color processed in pairs Red-Green Blue-Yellow Black-White Explains Some Colorblindness Explains Afterimages

The Ear The Brain Loudness Pitch Sound Localization Hearing Loss Audition The Ear The Brain Loudness Pitch Sound Localization Hearing Loss

Detection of Sound Waves Vibrations in the air Energy

The Ear Outer Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear -Ear -Ear Canal -Ear Drum -Ossicles 1)Hammer/Maleus 2)Anvil/Incus 3) Stirrup/Stapes -Oval Window Inner Ear -Cochlea 1) Basilar Membrane -Hair Cells -Auditory Nerve

The Brain Auditory Cortex: Located in Temporal Lobes. Auditory Nerve connects to Thalamus, which routes data to… Auditory Cortex: Located in Temporal Lobes. Left Temporal Lobe: Interprets written & spoken speech. Processing not divided by Hemisphere Schizophrenics have active Temporal Lobes during auditory Hallucinations Neuropsychological Disorders Auditory Agnosia: Can’t tell speech from non-speech sounds Auditory Verbal Agnosia: Can hear speech, but not discern meaning

Loudness & Pitch Loudness: Amplitude of a Sound Wave -Determined by # of Hair Cells activated. Pitch: Frequency of a Sound Wave. No. of Wavlengths per second

Loudness Scale (Decibels) 90-95 Decibels: Prolonged Exposure can cause permanent damage. 125 Decibels: Pain begins 140 Decibels: Short term exposure can cause permanent damage 194 Decibels: Loudest sound possible.

Detecting Pitch Place Theory Frequency Theory Pitch is determined by the part of the basilar membrane that has it’s hairs activated. Frequency Theory Pitch determined by the frequency of neural impulses. (100 waves per second would lead to 100 impulses per second) Place Theory explains how we detect high pitches, Frequency Theory explains how we detect low pitches.

Sound Localization Ears on either side of head= Sound waves reach one side before the other.

Deafness Conduction Deafness: Damage to mechanics the ear. -treated through surgery or hearing aids Sensorineural (or nerve) Deafness: Damage to the hair cells (Don’t regenerate) -Usually caused by LOUD noise -Treated by Cochlear Implants