Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 PowerPoint Presentations for Sixth Edition Philip G. Zimbardo Robert L. Johnson Vivian McCann Prepared by Beth M. Schwartz This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. 1 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

Mind, Behavior, and Psychological Science Chapter 1 Mind, Behavior, and Psychological Science This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. 2 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

Claim: If kids eat large amounts of sugar, they become hyperactive. Problem: How would you test the claim that sugar makes children hyperactive? 3 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

What Is Psychology– and What Is It Not? Psychology is a broad field, with many specialties, but fundamentally, psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. 4 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

What Is Psychology– and What Is It Not? Psychology is not: All about mental disorders and therapy Focused solely on diagnosing and treating mental problems 5 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 8

What Is Psychology– and What Is It Not? Comes from psyche (Greek for “mind”) and -ology (meaning “a field of study”) Literally means “the study of the mind” Covers both internal mental processes and external, observable behaviors Based on objective, verifiable, scientific evidence 6 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 8

What Do Psychologists Do? Psychology is a broad field with many specialties, grouped in three major categories: experimental psychology teaching of psychology applied psychology 7 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

Three Ways of Doing Psychology Main Categories: Experimental psychologists Teachers of psychology Applied psychologists 8 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 18

Psychology: It’s More Than You Think 9 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 18

What Do Psychologists Do? Applied psychologists Use knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems I/O Sports Engineering School Rehabilitation Counseling Clinical 10 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 18

Psychology Is Not Psychiatry Medical specialty Holds an MD (Doctor of Medicine) Training in treatment of mental and behavioral problems Licensed to prescribe medicines Psychology: Broad field of study Holds a Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy) Training emphasizes research methods Advanced study in specialization 11 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 18

Psychology vs. Pseudoscience Psychology disputes unfounded claims from pseudoscience. Pseudoscience: Any approach to explaining phenomena in the natural world that does not use empirical observation or the scientific method (e.g., astrology, graphology, fortune telling) 12 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 18

How Do Psychologists Develop New Knowledge? Psychologists, like researchers in all other sciences, use the scientific method to test their ideas empirically. 13 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

How Do Psychologists Develop New Knowledge? Empirical investigation: An approach to research that relies on sensory experience and observation as research data Scientific method: A five-step process for empirical investigation of a hypothesis under conditions designed to control biases and subjective judgments 14 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 18

The Five Steps of the Scientific Method Developing a hypothesis Performing a controlled test Gathering objective data Analyzing the results Publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results 15 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 19

The Five Steps of the Scientific Method Developing a hypothesis Hypothesis: A statement predicting the outcome of a scientific study Performing a controlled test Gathering objective data Operational definitions: Exact procedures used in establishing experimental conditions and measurement of results Analyzing the results Publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results 16 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 19

The Five Steps of the Scientific Method Developing a hypothesis Independent variable: The variable manipulated by the experimenter Performing a controlled test Gathering objective data Randomization: Using chance alone to determine presentation order of stimulus Analyzing the results Publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results 17 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 19

The Five Steps of the Scientific Method Developing a hypothesis Performing a controlled test Data: Information gathered by a researcher and used to test a hypothesis Gathering objective data Analyzing the results Dependent variable: The measured outcome of a study; the responses of participants in a study Publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results 18 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 19

The Five Steps of the Scientific Method Developing a hypothesis Performing a controlled test Gathering objective data Based on statistical analyses of results, the hypothesis is accepted or rejected. Analyzing the results Publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results 19 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 19

The Five Steps of the Scientific Method Developing a hypothesis Performing a controlled test Gathering objective data Analyzing the results Publishing, criticizing, and replicating the results 20 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 19

What is the relationship between sugar and behavior? 21 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

Types of Psychological Research Experiments: Experimental condition Control condition 22 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 24

Assignment to experimental and control conditions: 23 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

Types of Psychological Research Experiments: Experimental condition Control condition Correlational studies: Correlation coefficient Survey Naturalistic observations 24 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 24

Types of Correlations: 25 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

Types of Psychological Research Experiments: Experimental condition Control condition Correlational studies: Correlation coefficient Survey Naturalistic observations Case studies 26 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 24

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Sources of Bias Emotional bias Expectancy bias Bias could affect the way an experimenter designs a study, collects data, or interprets results 27 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 25

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Controlling Bias Blind control Placebo Double-blind control both participants and researchers unaware of group assignment 28 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 26

Ethical Issues in Psychological Research American Psychological Association (APA) Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct Shields participants from potentially harmful procedures Ensures confidentiality Institutional Review Board (IRB) Examines all studies proposed 29 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 27

Questions Science Cannot Answer The scientific method is not appropriate for answering questions that cannot be put to an objective, empirical test Ethics Morality Religious beliefs Preferences 30 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

What Are the Perspectives Psychologists Use Today? Six main perspectives characterize modern psychology. 31 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

Six Modern Perspectives of Psychology Biological Cognitive Behavioral Whole-Person Developmental Sociocultural 32 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 28

Perspective View of Human Nature: We are complex systems that respond to hereditary and environmental influences. Biological Cognitive What Determines Behavior: Neural structures, biochemistry, and innate responses to external cues Behavioral Whole-Person Focus of Study: Nervous and endocrine systems, evolutionary advantages of behaviors Developmental Sociocultural 33 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 28

Perspective View of Human Nature: We are information-processing systems. Biological Cognitive What Determines Behavior: Interpretation of experience by means of mental processing Behavioral Whole-Person Focus of Study: Mental processes including sensation, perception, learning, memory, and language Developmental Sociocultural 34 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 28

Perspective View of Human Nature: Biological Cognitive Behavioral We respond to surroundings according to principles of behavioral learning. Biological Cognitive Behavioral What Determines Behavior: Stimulus cues, history of rewards and punishments Whole-Person Developmental Focus of Study: “Laws” connecting our responses to stimulus conditions in the environment Sociocultural 35 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 28

Perspective View of Human Nature: We are driven by unconscious motives. Biological Cognitive What Determines Behavior: Psychodynamic view stresses unconscious conflicts Humanistic view focuses on self-concept and need for personal growth Trait view focuses on persistent characteristics and dispositions Behavioral Whole-Person Developmental Focus of Study: Counseling and psychotherapy Sociocultural 36 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 28

Perspective View of Human Nature: People undergo predictable patterns of change throughout their lives. Biological Cognitive Behavioral What Determines Behavior: Interaction between heredity and environment Whole-Person Focus of Study: Patterns of developmental change and their underlying influences Developmental Sociocultural 37 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 28

Perspective View of Human Nature: We are social animals; human behavior must be interpreted in a social context. Biological Cognitive Behavioral What Determines Behavior: Cultures, social norms and expectations, social learning Whole-Person Developmental Focus of Study: Social interaction, socialization, cross-cultural differences Sociocultural 38 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 28

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What Are Psychology’s Historical Roots? Modern psychology developed from several conflicting traditions, including structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt psychology, behaviorism, and psychoanalysis. 40 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

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Devoted to uncovering basic structures that make up mind and thought Tradition Devoted to uncovering basic structures that make up mind and thought Structuralism Functionalism Gestalt psychology Behaviorism Psychoanalysis 42 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 28

Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Tradition Structuralism Believed mental processes could best be understood in terms of their adaptive purpose and function Functionalism Gestalt psychology Behaviorism Psychoanalysis 43 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 28

Interested in how we construct “perceptual wholes” Tradition Structuralism Functionalism Interested in how we construct “perceptual wholes” Gestalt psychology Behaviorism Psychoanalysis 44 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 28

Argued psychology should deal solely with observable events Tradition Structuralism Functionalism Gestalt psychology Argued psychology should deal solely with observable events Behaviorism Psychoanalysis 45 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 28

Asserted mental disorders arise from conflicts in the unconscious mind Tradition Structuralism Functionalism Gestalt psychology Behaviorism Asserted mental disorders arise from conflicts in the unconscious mind Psychoanalysis 46 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 28

Professional Organizations in Psychology American Psychological Association (APA) Association for Psychological Science (APS) Student groups (e.g., American Psychological Association of Graduate Students; APAGS) 47 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009