Animal Nutrition

Nutritional Requirements Undernourished not enough calories Overnourished too many calories Malnourished missing one or more essential nutrients

Essential Nutrients Essential Amino Acids Essential Fatty Acids Essential Vitamins Essential Minerals

Essential Amino Acids Found in proteins Nine essential in humans 20 different types Nine essential in humans all in animal proteins vegetarians need to eat grains and beans

Essential Fatty Acids Unsaturated fatty acids used to make phospholipids for membranes

Essential Vitamins Fat Soluble Water Soluble stored in fat K, A, D, E excreted in urine B complex and C

Essential Minerals Inorganic nutrients Calcium & Phosphorous Iron bones Iron anemia Iodine thyroid hormones Sodium, Chlorine, & Potassium nerve function, water regulation

Food Types Heterotrophic Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Insectivores

Feeding Adaptations Suspension Feeders

Feeding Adaptations Substrate Feeders

Feeding Adaptations Fluid Feeders

Feeding Adaptations Bulk Feeders

Intracellular Digestion Inside cells All animals Exclusive in: Protista Porifera

Extracellular Digestion Outside cells All animals above the sponges Two Types Gastrovascular Cavity Alimentary Canal

Gastrovascular Cavity One opening Found in Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes

Alimentary Canal Two openings Allows for specialization Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Crop Gizzard Stomach Intestine Anus

Mammalian Digestion Accessory Glands Peristalsis Sphincters “Food” salivary glands pancreas liver (emulsification) gallbladder Peristalsis Sphincters “Food” bolus acid chyme feces

Macromolecule Digestion

Dentition and Diet Nonmammal vertebrates Carnivores Herbivores canines (grasping) incisors (tearing) molars and premolars (crushing and grinding) Herbivores Omnivores

Digestive Tracts Carnivores Herbivores shorter digestive system small cecum Herbivores longer digestive system large cecum