Expansion, Progress and Reform Review Part 7 Expansion, Progress and Reform

Free Enterprise U.S. Economic System – minimal government regulation or taxation Encouraged business creation, investment and trade Encouraged competition

Urbanization Movement of People from farms to cities Poor areas featured cramped and unsafe housing

immigration U.S. factory jobs attracted many immigrants Cities became diverse

Improvements and advancements Transportation – new roads, canals, railroads Steamboat – sped river travel; allowed goods to move between markets Communication – mail service and telegraph Cotton gin” removed seeds from cotton; cotton production, slavery and plantation system expanded in South; cotton sent to New England factories Interchangeable parts – making of individual machined parts; made production of many good faster and cheaper

culture Hudson River School – Landscape painters of America’s natural beauty John James Audubon – Painted , studied and wrote about American birds

transcendentalism Philosophy that creativity and activity were better than reason and theory Believed people were basically good, human potential was limitless, and that answers could be found in nature and within

Manifest destiny Belief held in 19th century by Americans that the U.S. was destined to expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific, spreading culture and democracy

expansion Manifest Destiny resulted in U.S. policies that expanded the U.S. territory westward by wars with Indian tribes and Mexico, purchases from foreign governments, and the annexation of Texas

Expansion Louisiana Purchase 1803: Thomas Jefferson purchased from France, doubling size of the U.S. Florida 1819 – Spain sold to U.S. Texas 1845 – annexed by U.S.; Republic of Texas requested admission Oregon Territory 1846 – Britain abandoned its claims to Oregon Mexican Cession – 1848 – Mexico ceded what became southwestern U.S. after Mexican War Gadsden Purchase 1853 – Mexico sold to U.S. for $10 million; for transcontinental RR

u.s. – Mexican War Causes – U.S. annexed Texas in 1845; boundary disputes between Mexico and Texas; U.S. wanted more land – Manifest Destiny Events – U.S. President Polk declared war after troops he placed in disputed territory clashed with Mexican troops; U.S. troops reached Mexico City; Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Effects – Mexico ceded land – Mexican Cession; border at Rio Grande in Texas

Abolitionists Underground RR – network of abolitionists, paths and places that secretly helped slaves escape to north or Canada William Lloyd Garrison – published The Liberator – newspaper that called for the complete and immediate abolition of slavery by peaceful means Frederick Douglass – famous speaker, writer, reformer who had escaped slavery; believed in equality of all people John Brown’s Raid – 1859, John Brown and fellow abolitionists attacked a federal arsenal in Virginia and tried to start a slave rebellion; he was hung for treason and became a martyr

Reform Women’s Rights – for women to have same civil rights as men; own property and vote Temperance – to end or reduce use of alcohol; promoted to cure social ills be preachers, liberals, and conservatives Educational Reform – to educate all American children at public expense in order to create an educated and moral citizenry Labor Reform – to restrict child labor and improve working conditions Prison Reform – to eliminate crowded cells, debtor prisons, corporal punishment, death penalty and convictions of insane Care of disabled – to create state-supported asylums and schools