Cytology I. Introduction A. Definition B. How to Study? 1. Microscopy a. Light Microscopy (LM) i. Advantages Magnification Resolution Depth of Field ii. Types

b. Electron Microscopy (EM) (using electrons for illumination) i. Advantages Magnification Resolution Depth of Field ii. Types TEM SEM

2. Cell Fractionalization (separate by mass ) a. Technique b. Advantages i. Whole samples ii. Specificity iii. Starting Point

3. Cell Staining a. Vital Staining (come from plant pigments) for Contrast b. Antibody Staining (come from animal responses to infections) More Specific Contrast

II. Parts of a Cell A. Barriers 1. Cell Walls (for rigidity) a. Prokaryotes (strong but flexible) b. Fungi (strong but less flexible)

c. Plants (strong but minimal flexibility) Figure 3.7

2. Cell Membrane (every cell has one and same basic structure) Figure 5.1 Figure 3.9A

B. Cytosol = Cell Sap (cytoplasm or Protoplasm) 1. Consistency Colloidal Suspension (like thickening Jell-O) 2. Molecular make-up 92% is water, 7% protein, and the rest is gases, salts, lipids, and the like dissolved in the water

Representative Animal Cell Representative Plant Cell Figure 4.4A Figure 4.4B

C. Organelles = Cell Machinery 1. Membrane Bound a. Nucleus (holds DNA) Figure 4.5 Envelope (double bilayer) with pores, nucleolus, and chromatin (DNA or chromosomes)

b. Endomembrane System = rER, sER, and Golgi (builders, modifiers, and temporary storage) Figure 4.8A Figure 4.5 Figure 4.9

i. Lysosome (cells structure waste) ii. Peroxisome (atomic waste) c. House Cleaners i. Lysosome (cells structure waste) ii. Peroxisome (atomic waste) Figure 4.10A & B

i. Chloroplast (Photosynthesis) d. Energy Transformers i. Chloroplast (Photosynthesis) & ii. Mitochondria (Cell Respiration) Figure 4.13 Figure 4.14

e. Vacuoles (containers) i. Animal Types = Food or Contractile ii. Plant Types = Central, Amyloplasts, & Chromoplasts

2. Non-Membrane Bound a. Cytoskeleton (internal cell webbing or scaffolding) Figure 4.16

b. Ribosomes (Protein factories) Figure 4.6 c. Centriole (spindle builders)

D. Cellular Specializations 1. Microvilli = short non-moving membrane extensions to increase cell’s overall surface area Figure 4.17A 2. Cilia = longer, moving internal cellular extensions (from a basal body to move something across the cell surface.

3. Flagella = longest to move the entire cell Figure 4.17C & 4.18

E. Intercellular Junctions 1. Plants Figure 4.21 a. Tight Junctions 2. Animals b. Desmosomes Figure 4.20 c. Gap Junctions

F. Extracellular Matrix (Molecules outside a cell) Figure 4.19