Water supply: Will our taps run dry? Lower Secondary Geography 2014 Name: _______________________________ ( ) Class: _________ Date: _________

Section 1: An introduction What is water shortage Section 1: An introduction What is water shortage? Learning outcomes (things you need to know about this topic!) Part 1: Explain the hydrological cycle Part 2: Identify the uses of water with reference to graphs Part 3: Define water shortage

So what is the hydrological cycle? Part 1: Explain the hydrological cycle It’s also known as the W______ C___________ Driven by h_____ e__________ from the Sun So what is the hydrological cycle? Definition: C____________ movement of water from the earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back again It can be n_____________r_____________ which means that In the entire cycle, there is no beginning and no end Water is a r_____________ resource Water takes on different states

Part 1: Define the hydrological cycle It refers to the _____________ movement of water from the earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back again.

PRECIPITATION TRANSPIRATION EVAPORATION SURFACE RUNOFF INFILTRATION CONDENSATION PRECIPITATION Only the terms in the white boxes are important TRANSPIRATION EVAPORATION SURFACE RUNOFF INFILTRATION Part 1

What do these different terms mean? Part 1: Explain the hydrological cycle What do these different terms mean? Evaporation Condensation precipitation Transpiration Surface runoff Infiltration Groundwater

8% 22% __% Part 2: Identify the uses of water with reference to graphs a) D_________ USE - Water used around the home 8% 22% b) ECONOMIC USE 1. Agriculture 2. Industry Ss to match the uses with the percentages __%

3 MAIN TYPES OF DOMESTIC WATER USE Part 2a: What is domestic use? Simply refers to the water used around the home Others 4% Important! This isn’t the way ALL households in Singapore use water! Because we all have different p_________ h_______ and our houses have appliances that are designed differently, the volume and way that water is used may differ from household to household! 3 MAIN TYPES OF DOMESTIC WATER USE C_______________ (eg. Drinking & cooking) 2. HYGIENE (eg. Bathing, flushing the toilet etc. ) 3. AMENITY USE (eg. Washing the car, watering the garden etc. ) Washbasin 10% Shower 29% Flushing Cistern 16% Kitchen Sink 22% Laundry 19% Fig 1: Domestic water consumption in a Singaporean household in 2011

Agriculture Part 2b: How about Economic use? (TB page 126-127) Definition:  The growing of crops for human use, mainly for _________ As the world’s population grows, more water is needed to grow more food to feed all these people! Water is used to grow crops like…  Water is needed to grow fruits, vegetables, grain, coffee, tea, oil palm, rubber, cocoa C_______ R________ Rice Fruits

HOW is water used in agriculture? Part 2b: How about Economic use? (TB page 126-127) HOW is water used in agriculture? Irrigation Water is taken from water bodies (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, wells) and is S_______ or watered onto crops More countries are relying on irrigation to increase C_____ Y_______ Used in places where there is little/ no/ irregular rainfall Why? Irrigation In places where rainfall is low/ irregular Water is obtained from water bodies (rivers, lakes, reservoirs, wells) and is sprayed or watered onto crops Spread across land by sprinkler systems Spread across land by s_________ systems Its extremely difficult for a farmer to water all his crops by himself! Which means: The amount of crops grown

Some examples of industries you need to know Part 2b: How about Economic use? (TB page 126-127) Manufacture, maintenance and cooling of generators (a machine that helps produce energy) To c_____ d______ machinery and equipment which are heated up (by friction and chemical processes) To c________ machinery and products 2. Industry Some examples of industries you need to know Water fabrication industries Where water is used to make electrical circuits. Manufacturing industries Where products are made for sale Eg. Car manufacturing HOW is water used? Manufacture, maintenance, cooling of generators Water is needed to cool down the machinery and equipment, because a lot of heat is created due to friction and chemical reaction Water is also used to clean machinery and products

Which means: To be replaced/ filled back Part 3: Define water shortage Definition: when the level of water u________ exceeds the water s________ available Water shortage – when the level of water usage exceeds the water supply available Water is being used at a faster rate than it can be replenished Caused by various reasons Now that we have understood the important role water plays in our daily lives, it is also important to understand that not everyone has access to water like us. Not ‘when there is not enough water ‘ When water is being used faster than it is replenished! Which means: To be replaced/ filled back

Does water shortage only occur in dry places? Part 3: Define water shortage Does water shortage only occur in dry places? Nouakchott, Mauritania Taiwan Annual rainfall (total rainfall in a year): 200mm Annual rainfall (total rainfall in a year): 2502 mm Water shortage? YES Water shortage? YES No water shortage in 1960s when population size was 15 000. Now, groundwater is drying up because population is 40 times larger than what it can support. 70% of the country’s water is used for agriculture. On top of that, the Taiwanese use an average of 271 litres per day (which is very high – higher than the 250 litre average in Europe and USA). Water shortage occurs in places with both DRY and WET climate because of the different ways people over- use the water available to them.