Reviewing Leaders

Eisenhower and Dulles in the US 1952, Eisenhower in, had been Chief of Staff and Commander Dulles, Sec. of State Both strongly anti-Communist Dulles had discussed roll-back No attempt ever made ‘New Look’ policy instead Use of alliances Assisting forces fighting communism CIA used Notable was threat of nuclear weapons Brinkmankship Also aware of the dangers though Summits in 55 and 59

Khruschev and Co-Existence New attitudes in Soviet Union Stalin died in 1953, Nikita Khruschev part of a collective leadership ‘New Course’ Peaceful co-existence Should accept differences with West Capitalism would eventually die out Khruschev wins power struggle

Other Factors in the Cool Avoiding a nuclear holocaust Wanted to decrease military spending Korean War ended in 1954 April 1955, Austrian State Treaty First meeting of the heads of government Geneva Summit, July 1955 Better relationship in terms of trade exhibitions, scientific information and cultural exchanges 1956, Khruschev gives de-Stalinization speech Creates problems for him Suez Canal crisis created problems for US Eisenhower Doctrine out of this

Technology 1957 Sputnik launched by Soviets Missile Gap Panic in America Khruschev suggests he can wipe out a city Missile Gap Gaither Report created Increase in missile spending Build-up of conventional forces Buildup of fallout shelters U-2 spy planes showed the gap did not exist Eisenhower created NASA in 1958, increased science education

1958-1960 Eisenhower confident in nuclear superiority Khruschev in 1958, issues ultimatum to the West to leave Berlin Did not, he backed down Accepted an invitation to visit US in 1959 Paris Summit May 1960 planned U-2 Incident Before summit, US plane shot down, Eisdenhower embarrassed Refused to apologize at Paris Cancelled his visit to Soviet Union Thaw was at an end