Blast Injuries.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Community First Aid & Safety
Advertisements

Chapter 10 Soft Tissue Injures
1 Soft Tissue Injuries Treatment Procedures. 2 Skin Anatomy and Physiology Body’s largest organ Three layers –Epidermis –Dermis –Subcutaneous tissue.
SGTM 16 C: Basic Life Support Slide 1 SGTM 16 C: Basic Life Support.
CHEST.
Basic First Aid Additional Applied Science. Objectives You need to know how to deal with injuries and the aims of the treatment given. You need to know.
Care of Bleeding, Wounds, and Burns
First Aid Check Call Care.
Chest, Abdominal, and Pelvic Injuries
FRACTURES AND SOFT TISSUE INJURIES A fracture is a broken or cracked bone. Types of fractures include: Open fracture – is where skin has been broken and.
Face and Throat Injuries Chapter 26. Anatomy of the Head.
Emergency care for Musculoskeletal system. The Skeletal System The Musculoskeletal system consists of: - Bones (skeleton) - Joints - Cartilages - Ligaments.
Treating Penetrating Chest Trauma
© St John Ambulance 2012 | Registered Charity No /1 Bleeding and Shock.
1 Chest Injuries Pakistan ICITAP. 2 Learning Objectives Be familiar with the anatomy contained in the chest Identify signs and symptoms of different life.
Soft tissue injuries Chapter layers of the skin 1. Epidermis-outer layer that is a barrier to infection ”Superficial” 2. Dermis- middle layer that.
Chapter 8 Bleeding. Rapid blood loss can lead to shock or death. Loss of 1 quart in adult Loss of 1 pint in child Hemorrhaging Loss of a large quantity.
KEMO2010. Introduction  The body is built on a framework of bones called the skeleton.  The skeleton are 206 bones in the human body.  It structure.
Blast Injury HARRT PRIMARY BLAST INJURY Unique to HE explosions Unique to HE explosions Damage sustained as a direct result of the blast wave Damage.
LESSON 8 CONTROLLING BLEEDING 8-1.
MANAGE INJURIES BLOOD LOSS AND SAFETY Wear gloves
Extremity Trauma. Anatomy Bones Joints Nerves Soft tissue.
Basic First Aid. basic first aid  Definition: –First Aid is the initial response and assistance to an accident/injury situation. –First Aid commonly.
Volunteer Marine Rescue
Chapter 12 SOFT TISSUE INJURIES. Soft Tissue Injuries - Closed Wounds Bruises (Ecchymosis) Contusions Hematomas Internal Lacerations Internal Punctures.
W OUND C ARE AND HOW TO STOP BLEEDING Prepared by : Salwa Maghrabi.
Soft tissue injuries Chapter layers of the skin 1. Epidermis-outer layer that is a barrier to infection 2. Dermis- middle layer that contains nerves.
Treating Penetrating Chest Trauma and Decompressing a Tension Pneumothorax.
Soft Tissue Injuries Chapter 10. Soft Tissue The skin is composed of two primary layers:  Outer (epidermis)  Deep (dermis) The dermis layer contains.
Soft Tissue Injuries OEC Chapter 18.
FRACTURES FIRST AID AND EMERGENCY CARE LECTURE 9.
HOME EMERGENCY GUIDE TAUFIQ ABDULLAH,MD EMERGENCY MEDICINE FACULTY OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF BRAWIJAYA EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT OF SAIFUL ANWAR HOSPITAL TAUFIQ.
First Aid for Divers Wounds 1 FAD 09 v1.2 Copyright © BSAC 2009 Wounds & Bleeding.
Wounds. WOUNDS A wound is an injury that damages the body’s tissues. The two greatest concerns in regards to wounds include excessive bleeding and infection.
August 2005 EMS & Trauma Systems Section EMS & Trauma Systems Section Office of Public Health Preparedness EXPLOSIVE DEVICES.
First Aid Soft Tissue Injuries Injuries to Extremities.
Providing First Aid for Bleeding Wounds
Soft Tissue Injury.
Basic First Aid.
FIRST AID and EMERGENCY NURSING
Chest Injuries CERT Presentation: Chest Injuries Time Line: 20 minutes
Trauma: Epidemiology Warfare Injuries Mechanism Of Injury
Unit 3 Review The “Killers”: Airway obstruction Excessive bleeding
Unit Review The “Killers”: Airway obstruction Excessive bleeding Shock
Soft Tissue Injuries.
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES August 2005 EMS & Trauma Systems Section
First Aid Day III Objectives
St John Ambulance Please note: Any deviation from the slides contained in the original presentation are not sanctioned by St John Ambulance. Individuals.
Wounds and Bleeding Abnormal break in the skin or other tissues which allows blood to escape. There are 2 types of wounds, open and close.
Soft Tissue Injuries.
Characteristics Of an Explosion.
Head Injuries.
Chapter 22 Trauma Overview.
Chest, Abdominal, and Pelvic Injuries
Click anywhere to get started…
Soft Tissue Injuries.
Cuts, Scrapes, & Bruises Broken Bones
First - Aid HFN20 & HFA4M.
Chest, Abdominal, and Pelvic Injuries
Chapter 8 Bleeding.
First Aid.
St John Ambulance Young Life Saver Award First Aid SESSION THREE
Unit 3 Review The “Killers”: Airway obstruction Excessive bleeding
Face and Throat Injuries
Providing First Aid (2:22)
Providing First Aid Chapter 28.1 Notes.
Compartment Syndrome By Patti Hamilton.
Presentation transcript:

Blast Injuries

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training Blast injuries A Blast can result from: an explosion in the workplace (explosives or chemicals) at home (a gas heater) from fireworks a result of terrorist attack. 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training London terrorist attacks 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

London terrorist attacks Royal London Hospital admitted 194 patients to its accident and emergency (A&E) department Patients presented with embedded foreign bodies, blast lung injury, mangled lower limbs and multiple severely contaminated fragment wounds – forcing surgeons to recommend amputation. 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

London terrorist attacks surgeons performed 11 primary limb amputations in seven patients, nine limb fasciotomies, five laparotomies and one sternotomy. Thirty-eight of the walking wounded patients (20%) presented with tympanic membrane ruptures, a primary marker for blast lung injury 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

London terrorist attacks Removal of foreign material Those patients who underwent removal of foreign or dead material returned to the operating theatre every 48 hours The 48-hour [observation] usually revealed the wounds were still heavily contaminated, A number of the patients had to go back to the theatre about five times before the wounds were deemed clean enough 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training Mechanism of Injury The principle mechanism behind the injuries is the creation of tremendous kinetic energy over a short time. There are four general types of injuries caused by an explosion: 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training Mechanism of Injury direct blast injuries—primary injuries injuries caused by flying objects accelerated by the explosion—secondary injuries injuries sustained by the victim's movement—tertiary injuries miscellaneous injuries caused by the explosion or the explosives 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training Types of explosives There are two general types of explosives: High-order Low-order Each type of explosive will create slightly different injury patterns 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

High-order explosives High-order explosives are chemicals with a very high rate of reaction. These chemicals include nitroglycerin, dynamite, C-4, and a mixture of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil. + 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

High-order explosives On detonation, the chemical is converted into a gas at a very high temperature and pressure. + 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training Overpressure The intense rise in pressure or blast wave is often called "overpressure." Typically, the pressure wave increases instantly and then quickly decays. The amount of damage from the pressure wave depends on a number of variables 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training Overpressure The increase in pressure can be so intense and abrupt that it shatters surrounding materials and structures. With time and distance, the wave deteriorates until it becomes a mere sound wave. 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training Overpressure Damage or injuries to a person from a blast wave that engulfs the entire body will depend on the magnitude of the pressure spike and the duration of the pressure or force 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training Low-order explosives Low-order explosives are designed to burn, then relatively slowly release energy. Often, these explosives are called "propellants" because they propel an object such as a bullet through a barrel. Low-order explosives include pipe bombs, gunpowder, and Molotov cocktails 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Primary blast injuries Primary blast injuries result from the blast wave created by high-order explosions and have an overall incidence of 20 percent Primary blast injuries commonly affect the ear, respiratory system, and gastrointestinal system. The brain and cardiovascular system may also be affected 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training The ear In the ear, the eardrum typically ruptures, especially when the overpressure exceeds 5 psi. With extremely high overpressures, the eardrum may be destroyed and the ossicles (bony structures) can be dislocated or fractured. At lower pressures, the eardrum may bleed without rupture 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training The ear 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training The ear 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Secondary blast injuries Secondary blast injuries are caused by debris propelled by the blast wind of the explosion, resulting in both penetrating and blunt trauma. Individuals far from the scene of an explosion can be struck and injured by this debris. For example, after the 1998 terrorist bombing of the U.S. Embassy in Nairobi, flying glass wounded victims up to 2 kilometers away 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training Secondary injuries produced by nuts and bolts packed with explosive. 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training Signs & Symptoms Coughing up frothy blood Chest pain Possible bleeding from ears Possible fractures Multiple soft tissue injuries Shock 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training Management Follow DRSABCD Call 000 for an ambulance Place casualty in comfortable position Control bleeding Care for wounds and burns Immobilise fractures Monitor breathing and other signs 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training Embedded objects Glass or debris from a blast may penetrate through a casualty’s skin and embed in the tissues 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training Embedded objects DO NOT try to remove it as it may be plugging the wound and restricting bleeding DO NOT exert any pressure over the object DO NOT try to cut the end of the object unless its size makes it unmanageable 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training Management Control bleeding by applying pressure to the surrounding areas but not on the object Place padding around the object or place a ring pad over the object and a bandage 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training Amputated parts With any amputation the aim is to: Minimise blood loss and shock Preserve the amputated part because it may be possible to re-attach a finger, or limb by microsurgery. 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training Management Follow DRSABCD Call 000 for an ambulance Apply direct pressure to the wound and raise the limb to control blood loss Apply sterile dressing 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training Management The amputated part DO NOT wash or soak the amputated part Wrap in gauze or material and place in a watertight container (plastic bag) Place sealed container in cold water with ice added Send to hospital with casualty 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training

Coffs Harbour Divisional Training Questions 19 November 2018 Coffs Harbour Divisional Training