Black Holes: The Inside Story Presented by: Robert E. Strong strongro@westliberty.edu Elizabeth (Libby) A. Strong strongli@westliberty.edu Richard J. Pollack astronomy@smartcenter.org From: West Liberty State College SMART-Center & Near Earth Object Foundation 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes: The Inside Story Presented by: Robert E. Strong strongro@westliberty.edu Elizabeth (Libby) A. Strong strongli@westliberty.edu Richard J. Pollack astronomy@smartcenter.org In an effort to be environmentally friendly: Complete copies of this presentation can be found at www.smartcenter.org/ 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas Aristotle (384-322 BC) Great thinker - lousy experimentalist Qualitative, not Quantitative But, that did not stop us from using his ideas for nearly 1,800 years as unquestioned facts 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas Aristotle (continued) Everything has a tendency to fall from up to down, toward the Earth Heavy objects fall faster than do light objects ACTIVITY - Falling 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Great experimentalist Proves that all bodies fall at the same rate when taking into account air resistance ACTIVITY - geometry counts in falling 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas Isaac Newton (1643-1727) Stood on Galileo’s shoulders and took his ideas further and deeper Gravity as a force at a distance Force of gravity varies as the inverse square of the distance between centers 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas Force of Gravity is a “Law of Universal Gravitation” Where: Fg = force of gravity m1 and m2 are masses r = distance between the centers of mass 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas John Michell (1724-1793) Brilliant scientist, in 1784 pointed out that a star that was sufficiently massive and compact would have such a strong gravitational force that light would not be able to escape the surface, making a “Dark Star” No Picture Found 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas John Michell, using Newton’s ideas of gravity as a force, saw that if a strong enough gravity were at the surface, that not only could material objects not leave the surface, but light itself may bend and be trapped 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas Henry Cavendish (1731-1810) Finishes the work of Michell (did the set-up experiment) and Newton, and determines “G” the Gravitational Constant in 1797 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas Simon Pierre LaPlace (1749-1827) Independently suggested the Michell idea of a “Dark Star” in his early writings and works Later editions left the “Dark Star” idea out 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas Albert Einstein (1879-1955) In 1916 offers the Theory of General Relativity Suggests that gravity is not a force, but rather is a curvature in space and time Gravity is geometry 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas Karl Schwarzchild (1873-1916) In 1916 used Einstein’s General Relativity to define a Black Hole Defined the “event horizon” gravitational radius of a black hole AKA the … “Schwarzchild Radius” 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas Schwarzchild Radius Escape Velocity = Set (Celeritas) Solve for the radius 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for an Earth mass G = 6.6742x10-11 m3/kg/s2 me = 5.9742x1024kg c = 2.9979x108 m/s c2 = 8.9874x1016 m2/s2 rs = 8.8731x10-3m 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas ACTIVITY - How big is this? If rs = 8.8731x10-3m A US dime has a radius of 8.955x10-3m Or about 1% greater than the Schwarzchild Radius for the mass of the Earth compressed into a Black Hole 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas If the Earth has a Schwarzchild Radius rs = 8.8731x10-3m This is 7.1863x108 times smaller in radius With a density of 3.7112x1026 times greater 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas Schwarzchild Radius What happens when we multiply the mass of a matter object, i.e. clay, 2 times? ACTIVITY - look at the above equation Note: = 2 small matter objects of rm = 1 2 x Radius = 1.2599 rm Volume = 2 x Density = 1 x 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas Schwarzchild Radius What happens when we multiply mass of a Black Hole 2 times? ACTIVITY - look at the above equation Note: = 2 small Black Holes of rs = 1 2 x Radius = 2 rs Volume = 8 x Density = 0.25 x 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas Schwarzchild Radius What happens when we multiply the mass of a matter object, i.e. clay, 10 times? ACTIVITY - look at the above equation Note: 10 small matter objects of rm = 1 10 x Radius = 2.1544 rm Volume = 10 x Density = 1 x 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas Schwarzchild Radius What happens when we multiply mass of a Black Hole 10 times? ACTIVITY - look at the above equation Note: 10 small Black Holes of rs = 1 10 x Radius = 10 rs Volume = 1,000 x Density = 0.01 x 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas ACTIVITY - Reflections: Same Matter objects addition rules: Radius = Volume = Density = Same Black Holes addition rules: Radius = rs x mass multiplier 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas ACTIVITY Simulation via Paper Clips, Balloons, and nanoLight Second Strings: Same Matter objects addition rules: Radius = cluster on nls string = rm x (mass multiplier)1/3 Volume = rm x (mass multiplier) Density = same as rm Same Black Holes addition rules: Radius = chain length on nls string = rs x mass multiplier Volume = discover and discuss Density = discover and discuss 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas Arthur A. Eddington (1882-1944) In 1919 experimentally verified General Relativity by observing star light curving next to the Sun during a solar eclipse Thought no Black Holes 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910-1995) Pioneered work on stellar evolution end states Supernovae White Dwarfs Neutron Stars Black Holes 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: Mass is the Defining (final) Word Still mostly theory … numbers will range Limit of mass for a White Dwarf 1.35 to 2.1 solar masses (< 1.44) Neutron Star limits 2-3 solar masses Any stellar mass > 5 solar masses will become a Black Hole 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: Mass is easily found in the dance The mass of an object determines if it is a Main Sequence Star, White Dwarf, Neutron Star, or Black Hole Best way to determine the mass of a star is if it is a part of a binary system 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas John Wheeler (1911-) Worked in General Relativity, gravitational collapse, and quantum gravity Coined the phrase “Black Hole” in 1967 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas Kip Thorn (1940-) Student of Wheeler Long time friend and colleague of Stephen Hawking (on-going bets) Expert on General Relativity, Black Holes, Relativity, Time Travel, Wormholes, and White Holes 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: Popular Ideas: Wormholes 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: Popular Culture Black Holes and Wormholes 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: Wormholes in fiction 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: Wormholes Wormholes have the problem of the pathways becoming unstable if the Black Hole is rotating Spatiotemporal frame dragging occurs - this “pinches” off the pathway separating the two ends 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: Black Holes, Wormholes, White Holes, & Quasars Problem with using a Black Hole / Wormhole (if stable) for getting around the universe is the difficulty of tidal forces and … the horror of under going “Fractal Spaghettification” 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: Black Holes, Wormholes, White Holes, & Quasars 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: Black Holes, Wormholes, White Holes, & Quasars 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: Black Holes, Wormholes, White Holes, & Quasars and Scale 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: As Cosmic Bull Dozers Active Galactic Nuclei, i.e., Quasars, or super massive Black Holes at the center of a galaxy may create cavities and voids of extra-galactic material and may move the material for entire clusters of galaxies over billions of years Shaping the galactic fabric of the Universe on the grandest of scales tens of millions ly across 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: Milky Way Monster? Does the Milky Way Galaxy have a super massive Black Hole at its center like most galaxies? Watch the latest evidence - you decide Remember a compact object > 5 solar masses is a Black Hole! 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: Milky Way Monster! The video shows ten years of observation and extrapolation by Prof. Ghez of stars at the core of the Milky Way Galaxy orbiting about an object of 4 million solar masses! Watch SO-2 and SO-16 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas Stephen Hawking (1942-) One of the greatest minds of our time Along with Thorne, Hawking has pushed the envelope of our understanding of the Universe via General Relativity & Black Holes 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: Hawking Radiation Stephen Hawking 1970 predicted micro-Black Holes may exist and could evaporate via to Hawking Radiation 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: Hawking Radiation Hawking Radiation, if it exists makes micro Black Holes “bright” in radiation of photons and particles Eventually the micro Black Holes will evaporate in a gamma-ray burst None found to date 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas Jocelyn Bell-Burnell (1943-) 1967 Discovered Pulsars And thus … Neutron Stars Solved the LGM-1 mystery Poster person for “dealing with the men only - good ‘ol boys science club” 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: Discovers Pulsars / Neutron Stars Crab Nebula with Pulsar / Neutron Star rotating at 30 / seconds 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: Pulsar Lighthouse 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: Neutron Stars - almost there… Pulsar Jets - Radiation 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: Cygnus X-1, a Binary Stellar Black Hole? 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: Cygnus X-1 diagram 20-35 Solar Masses 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: 1.0 Solar Mass Black Hole ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for a Solar Mass G = 6.6742x10-11 m3/kg/s2 ms = 1.9884x1030 kg c = 2.9979x108 m/s c2 = 8.9874x1016 m2/s2 rs = 2.9532x103 m ≈ 3 km 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: 1.0 Solar Mass Black Hole Unit Thus the Schwarzchild Radius rs for a 1.0 Solar Mass Black Hole is… ≈ 3 km Looking at the equation We see that to estimate the size of a Black Hole’s Schwarzchild radius or radius of the event horizon, we only need to use mass units in solar masses and multiply by 3km 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: MWG 4 Million Solar Mass BH ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for 4 million SM m4Msm = 4x106 Solar Masses x 3 km/Solar Mass rs = 1.2x107 km ≈ 40 light seconds 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: MWG 400 Billion Solar Mass BH ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for Milky Way Galaxy mmwg = 400x109 Solar Masses x 3 km/Solar Mass rs = 1.2x1012 km ≈ 4.003x106 light seconds ≈ 0.127 light Years 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: Universe 80 Billion Galaxy Mass BH ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for mass of Universe mu = 80x109 MWG x 1.2x1012 km rs = 9.6x1022 km ≈ 3.202x1017 light seconds ≈ 1.015x1010 light Years 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: Universe “Total Mass” Black Hole ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for entire mass + dark matter + Dark Energy of Universe Universe thought to be 73% Dark Energy 23% cold Dark Matter 4% Matter (80x109 MWG) Mutotal = 80x109 MWG x 1.2x1012 km x (≈ 25) rs = 2.4x1024 km ≈ 8.0x1018 light seconds ≈ 2.5x1011 light Years Dark Energy Dark Matter 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: Implications of a Universe “Total Mass” BH ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for entire mass + dark matter + Dark Energy of Universe Universe thought to be 73% Dark Energy 23% cold Dark Matter 4% Matter (80x109 MWG) ≈ 2.5x1011 light Years or ≈ 250 Billion light years If the “comoving” distance to the edge of the visible universe is about 46.5 billion light years ≠age (the age is 13.73±0.12 Billion years) 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: What is it like in a Black Hole? ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for entire mass + dark matter + Dark Energy of Universe IF rs for the entire mass of the universe ≈ 2.5x1011 light Years or ≈ 250 Billion light years IF the “comoving” distance to the edge of the visible universe is about 46.5 Billion light years… THEN we are presently within the event horizon of a Black Hole having the mass of the entire Universe with room to spare 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: What is it like in a Black Hole2? ACTIVITY - Lets try to make sense of all this … IF rs for the entire mass of the universe ≈ 250 Billion light years IF the real radius of the visible universe ≈ 46.5 billion light years THEN we and all we know are presently / actually within the event horizon of a Black Hole THEN a Universe sized Black Hole does not have a singularity at its core, just look around you 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas continues… Robert E. Strong (1958-) Modeling wormholes with soap bubbles Trying to keep up with the fun of it all Constantly wondering about the “cosmic perspective” 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

Black Holes - the Inside Story: Discussions, Questions, & Sharing Please feel free to contact us Note: the Power Point is found at www.smartcenter.org/blackhole Presented by: Robert E. Strong strongro@westliberty.edu Elizabeth (Libby) A. Strong strongli@westliberty.edu Richard J. Pollack astronomy@smartcenter.org From: West Liberty State College SMART-Center & Near Earth Object Foundation 11/19/2018 National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008