CHAPTER 18 The Victorians Make the Modern 1880–1916 James A. Henretta Eric Hinderaker Rebecca Edwards Robert O. Self America’s History Eighth Edition America: A Concise History Sixth Edition CHAPTER 18 The Victorians Make the Modern 1880–1916 Copyright © 2014 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

1. Describe this Chicago department store advertisement from 1893 1. Describe this Chicago department store advertisement from 1893. What does it reveal about the goods and services that were available in department stores of this era? (Answer: Ad shows clearly that department stores offered goods—clothing, furniture, groceries, dry goods, and meats; they also offered services including banking, barbers, manicures, employment bureaus, restaurants, law offices, and doctors’ and dentists’ offices. They offered “one-stop-shopping” for everything.) 2. What does the advertisement suggest about the kinds of customers the store sought to attract? (Answer: Advertisement features pictures of well-dressed middle- and upper-class clientele: men, women, and children. It also depicts department stores as palatial and elaborately decorated, reinforcing the notion that they are for well-to-do customers.) 3. What can you tell from the ad about what purposes department stores aimed to serve in late-nineteenth-century cities? (Answer: Ad shows people shopping and receiving services but also eating together, socializing, and browsing. Department stores are presented as community gathering spaces for the affluent.)

I. Commerce and Culture A. Consumer Spaces 1. The circus 2. First-class rail cars 3. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

I. Commerce and Culture B. Masculinity and the Rise of Sports 1. “Muscular Christianity” 2. America’s Game 3. Rise of the Negro Leagues 4. American Football

I. Commerce and Culture C. The Great Outdoors 1. Preservation 2. Environmentalists

II. Women, Men, and the Solitude of the Self A. Changes in Family Life 1. The average American family 2. Comstock Act (1873)

1. Describe Sargent’s depiction of this newly married couple 1. Describe Sargent’s depiction of this newly married couple. (Answer: Formal dress: man in suit jacket, vest, tie; woman in long skirt, jacket, long shirt-sleeves, with a hat at her hip; man appears serious, standing behind in her shadow; woman almost smiling with hand at hip.) 2. What can we conclude about this couple from Sargent’s painting? (Answer: We know little of this couple except that they have enough wealth to dress in fine clothing; someone, if not themselves, has the means to commission a portrait for them; the placement of the husband behind the wife should be discussed as this is a period in which husbands were the representation of the family in public; perhaps here, as they marry, Sargent allowed her to shine, the husband standing behind to celebrate her beauty.) 3. Does this portrait give us any clues into married life at the turn of the century? (Answer: This couple would not be representative of married couples in the nineteenth or early twentieth century because of their wealth; we can tell that they are white and of European descent, but we know little else about them from Sargent’s work.)

II. Women, Men, and the Solitude of the Self B. Education 1. The rise of high school 2. College 3. African American education 4. Women’s education

II. Women, Men, and the Solitude of the Self C. From Domesticity to Women’s Rights 1. The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union 2. Women, Race, and Patriotism group.

II. Women, Men, and the Solitude of the Self C. From Domesticity to Women’s Rights 3. Women’s Rights

III. Science and Faith A. Darwinism and Its Critics 1. Theory 2. Social Darwinism 3. Eugenics

III. Science and Faith B. Realism in the Arts 1. Naturalism 2. Modernism

1. Describe this Arthur B. Davies painting from 1914 1. Describe this Arthur B. Davies painting from 1914. Who is depicted, and what are they doing? (Answer: Painting depicts women dancing, without clothing. Their mode of dancing is not formal. The painting’s style is also not traditional but modernist.) 2. Imagine that you are a middle-class, middle-aged person viewing this painting in the mid-1910s. How would you respond? (Answer: Many conventional people probably would have found this painting shocking because of the nudity, the “primitive” forms of dancing presented, and the cubist style.)

III. Science and Faith C. Religion: Diversity and Innovation 1. Immigrant Faiths 2. Protestant Innovations 3. Fundamentalists