Observing Relations Between Traditional and Modern Medicine Specific to foreign health promotion/intervention programs. Samantha Salter

Research Purpose Can traditional rituals and remedies survive in the wake of western health service expansion? World Vision, an international development and humanitarian organization has been established in Senegal for the past 30 years. I seek to establish the source of collaboration between World Vision and traditional health practitioners in this particular community. Through my research, I hope to gain insight into how World Vision is navigating the complex routes of culture and community in Kédougou, Senegal.

Senegalese Health Workers Senegalese Clinic Patients Kédougou Region, Senegal 1 3 Location and Population Background – Kedougou is a southeastern region of Senegal known for its ethnic diversity and subsistence economy. It is considered the most southern and humid region in the country. The Kedougou region is predominantly Islamic, but with groups of animists and Catholics. It has been a region of previous research and the communities are quite familiar with researchers (i.e. Moriah) coming in to conduct interviews and other data collection. 4 2 Population Senegalese Health Workers Senegalese Clinic Patients Senegalese Traditional Patients Non-Senegalese Health Workers

Theoretical & Conceptual Framework 1 Theoretical & Conceptual Framework 2 Theoretical Framework – Development originated as a way for the United States to expand their ideals (democracy and capitalism) post World War II. Therefore, development became more westernization than anything else. Development agencies have a history of ignoring cultural differences and importance of community involvement. The struggle between traditional and western medicine. Many traditional method have dwindled or disappeared and modern health programs have a long history of failure. Multiple causality 1 Many communities and groups have experienced disappearance of their culture due to globalization and development. This study seeks to determine how communities can and are holding on to their traditional practices while still benefiting from development health programs.

1 Conceptual Framework: French colonization, along with Westernization caused dichotomy within health promotion. Instead of trying to understand how poverty and socio-economic status affects the spread of disease, many groups of people used scapegoats to explain disease. These scapegoats were typically poor groups and settlers. Hence the “Black Man’s Disease” and “White Man’s Disease” idioms. This has contributed to poor health promotion programs. Some regions have been able to hold onto their traditional remedies, while still using modern health clinics. Westernization; Colonization; Health Promotion; Multiple Causality/Understanding of Disease

Ethnography & Participant Observation Methodology & Procedures 2 Methodology & Procedures Ethnography & Participant Observation – Qualitative Data Collection: Interviews & Observations In-Depth interviews - The series of questions will be about opinions on modern medicine, traditional medicine, health clinics in the community, and how it has affected traditional customs. Interpersonal Communication Observations - how people interact and connect with one another when at the clinic. More of a customer service viewpoint. 1 3 Qualitative Research Methods Ethnography & Participant Observation

Participant Recruitment 2 1 Participant Recruitment Word of Mouth Referrals 3 4 Informal Communication Recruitment – Personal Contacts – Verbal Announcements – Informal Communication: Meeting people in the health clinics, meeting through mutual acquaintances, etc. Interpreter and World Vision correspondent. Personal Contacts 6 5 Verbal Announcements

Research Significance Better relationships between health workers and indigenous patients will help alleviate suffering by establishing increased cultural sensitivity, communication, and health literacy. 1 2 Research Significance Program observation and analysis provides opportunities for improving health programs, which directly benefits participants of the research since they are utilizing those health services. Improvements include better understanding of patient needs, health literacy, and cultural sensitivity, which provides better customer service, better communication between health workers and patients, improving the overall the relationship between development workers and the target population. Can also help in better diagnoses and appropriate treatments. Higher success rates – long-term positive change to alleviate suffering. Keeping culture alive in health interventions. Anthropology can help bridge the gap between healing the soul and healing the body. Anthropologists can be conduits for both traditional health and modern health  breaking down barriers to understanding multiple causality of disease.

References References and Questions Slide 3: Photo #1 – http://www.ilike2learn.com/ilike2learn/Continent%20Maps/Africa%20Political%20Large.gif. Photo #2 – http://www.worldatlas.com/img/areamap/0dadf3332d10aea28eeddddaa2db4b5f.gif. Photo #3 – https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Senegal_Kédougou_locator_map.svg. Photo #4 – https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kedougou,+Senegal/@12.5604221,-12.184225,3205m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0xef97c3efd603e09:0x81c9b678b1020218!2sFongolimbi,+Senegal!3b1!8m2!3d12.4244545!4d-12.0061503!3m4!1s0xefa2c968f7f0789:0x11a007ff71e3bad0!8m2!3d12.560428!4d-12.1747398!6m1!1e1. Slide 4: Photo #1 – https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/be/Missing_promo_Titlecard.jpg. Photo #2 – http://medias.rtci.tn/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/logo-culture-petit.png. Slide 5: Photo #1 – http://www.friendshipforcewinnipeg.org/joomla30/images/FFILogos/Changing_the_way2_400.png. Slide 6: Photo #1 – https://www.spireresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/2013_Q3_Ethnography.jpg. Photo #2 – https://s3.amazonaws.com/libapps/accounts/27950/images/ico2_qual_a.png. Photo #3 – https://img.clipartfest.com/7d7d56c702580fdab41c2a5a513f2df8_observation-20clipart-scientific-observation-clipart_648-420.gif. Slide 7: Photo #1 – http://appointmentsbilanguage.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/twitter-recruitment-tool.jpg. Photo #2 – Clip Art Photo #3 – http://www.starrec2rec.com/starrec2rec-com/_img/referral-img.jpg. Photo #4 – https://image.slidesharecdn.com/presentationonformalvsinformalcommunication-161102191751/95/presentation-on-formal-vs-informal-communication-18-638.jpg?cb=1478114444. Photo #5 – https://media.licdn.com/mpr/mpr/shrinknp_400_400/AAEAAQAAAAAAAASnAAAAJDM1ZmM4Mzc5LWMyZTUtNDYyMC04MGIzLTY0OGUyZTM2YzRmMA.jpg. Photo #6 – http://www.wvi.org/sites/default/files/styles/portrait_thumbnail/public/Capture%20d’écran%202016-03-30%20à%2011.25.01.png?itok=t6UnxxKD. Slide 8: Photo #1 – https://orchidproject.org/ndorna-public-declaration-in-senegal-16-june-2013-photo-gallery/. Photo #2 - https://www.123rf.com/photo_29556319_senegal--september-19-men-and-kids-in-the-traditional-struggle-wrestle-clothes-of-senegal-dancing-be.html. References and Questions

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