I CAN: Explain need for achievement, affiliation, power Explain cultural differences in achievement Explain weight trends and cultural influences involving hunger/weight Describe the contributions of Alfred Kinsey and Master’s and Johnson in the study of sex Distinguish the 4 motives in conflict

How Are Achievement, Hunger, and Sex Alike? Different? No single theory accounts for all forms of motivation, because each motive involves its own mix of biological, mental, behavioral, and social/cultural influences Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Need for Achievement (n Ach) Mental state that produces a psychological motive to excel or reach some goal The desire to attain a difficult, but desired, goal Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Three Types of Needs Need for Achievement (nAch) Need for Affiliation (nAff) the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others. Need for Power (nPow) the need to have control or influence over others. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Achievement Individualism View that places a high value on individual achievement and distinction Common in the Western world…Europe, the U.S. Collectivism View that values group loyalty and pride over individual distinction Common in Asia, Africa, Latin America, Middle East Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Hunger as Motivation Eating comes naturally If it was entirely learned, you would probably die starve before learning it Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

The Multiple-Systems Approach to hunger Hunger combines many facts: --the body’s energy requirements --food preferences (Sweet/high fat foods) --environmental food cues --cultural demands --social norms --basic body biology Example: Your readiness to eat a piece of pizza depends on… when you last ate whether you like pizza the time of day are your friends encouraging you to have a piece is it culturally acceptable are you dieting Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Set Point Refers to the tendency of the body to maintain a certain level of body fat and body weight Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Motivation and Hunger The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa Binge eating followed by purging Anorexia Nervosa Inappropriate eating habits Irrational fear of weight gain Distorted body perception Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Women’s Body Images 1 – 5 Scale Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

The Thinning of Miss America • Trend in Body Mass Index (BMI) of Miss America Pageant Winners BMI, kg/m² 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year of Pageant World Health Organization’s cutoff point for undernutrition (18.5) Trend line Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Thirst Drive Volumetric Thirst A drop in extracellular fluid levels (Fluid outside the cells, such as in the blood) Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Thirst Drive Osmotic Thirst A drop in intracellular fluid levels Results from water moving through the cell walls…escaping in the form of sweat, urine, feces, mucus, breath moisture Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Pain Usually produces a drive to avoid or remove, rather than seek, a stimulus.

Sex and Motivation Sex in NOT a homeostatic drive because it does not return the body to a state of equilibrium The brain is the major sex organ in humans

The Scientific Study of Sexuality 1. Alfred Kinsey: Beginning in 1948, interviewed 17,000 Americans concerning their sexual behavior. Finding: Certain sexual behaviors thought to be rare were, in fact, common 2. Masters and Johnson 1960s-70s Brought sex into the laboratory Sexual Response Cycle Four-stage sequence of arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution occurring in both men and women

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sexual Motivation Same drives, different attitudes Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Sexual Scripts Socially learned ways of responding in sexual situations Both learning and genetics affect our sexual behaviors

Motives in Conflict Approach-Approach Conflict A conflict in which one must choose between two equally attractive options Finishing college and a full-time job offer Easiest conflict to resolve Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Motives in Conflict Approach-Avoidance Conflict A conflict in which there are both appealing and negative aspects to the decision to be made Going out to a party, knowing that you will be grounded for being at the party. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict Motives in Conflict Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict A conflict in which one must choose between two equally unattractive options You intensely hate your job, but fear the reality of unemployment if you quit Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Motives in Conflict Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict A conflict in which one must choose between options that have both many attractive and many negative aspects Go to the Party Get grounded Don’t study for a test …fail it Do something stupid that you’ll regret Go to the Party Meet friends Have a good time Aren’t alone Aren’t bored Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

The Origins of Sexual Orientation Heterosexuality Homosexuality Several theories about orientation…testosterone levels and parenting do not contribute Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

The Origins of Sexual Orientation Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

CAN I? Explain need for achievement, affiliation, power Explain cultural differences in achievement Explain weight trends and cultural influences involving hunger/weight Describe the contributions of Alfred Kinsey and Master’s and Johnson in the study of sex Distinguish the 4 motives in conflict