Spinrad/World History The Allied Victory Chapter 16-4

The Allied Victory December 22, 1941 Winston Churchill and President Roosevelt meet to develop a war policy. Stalin had asked for help to split Germany into 2 separate fronts Churchill agreed

The Tide Turns on Two Fronts The North African Campaign Rommel takes Tobruk, Libya June 1942; pushes toward Egypt British General Montgomery fiercely attacks at El Alamein, forces Rommel back and retreated west American forces land in Morocco, November 1942 – Operation Torch General Dwight D. Eisenhower – American commander in Morocco In May 1943, Rommel’s forces were defeated by Eisenhower and Montgomery’s forces

The Tide Turns on Two Fronts The Battle for Stalingrad Summer 1942, German army moves to capture Soviet oil fields August 23, 1942, Battle of Stalingrad – Soviets, Germans battle for control of city Luftwaffe – nightly bombing raids on city By November – Germans controlled 90% of city – but then were surrounded and trapped By February 1943 90,000 frost bitten Germans surrendered The Battle of Stalingrad was a battle between Nazi Germany and its allies and the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad in Southern Russia. The battle took place between 17 July 1942 and 2 February 1943, during World War II. The results of these operations are often cited as a turning point of World War II. The Battle of Stalingrad was the bloodiest battle in modern history, with combined casualties estimated to be nearly 2 million. The battle was marked by brutality and disregard for military and civilian casualties by both sides. The German offensive to take Stalingrad, the battle inside the city, and the Soviet counter-offensive which eventually trapped and destroyed the 6th Army and other Axis forces around the city, was the first large-scale German defeat of World War II.[10][11] Soviet and Russian studies identify ten campaigns, strategic and operational level operations.

The Tide Turns on Two Fronts The Invasion of Italy U.S., British forces land on, capture Sicily on July 19, 1943 Mussolini loses power but Germans keep control of northern Italy Victor Emanuel III had him arrested Allies invade Italy, but Germans keep fighting there until war ends Italy surrenders September 3, 1943 The process Allied invasion of Italy, was the Allied landing on mainland Italy on September 3, 1943, by General Harold Alexander's 15th Army Group (comprising Mark Clark's U.S. Fifth Army and Bernard Montgomery's British Eighth Army) during World War II. The operation followed the successful invasion of Sicily during the Italian Campaign. The main invasion force landed around Salerno on the western coast in Operation Avalanche, while two supporting operations took place in Calabria (Operation Baytown) and Taranto (Operation Slapstick).

The Allied Home Fronts Mobilizing for War in US Fighting the war requires complete use of all national resources 17 to 18 million US workers – many of them women – make weapons People at home face shortages of consumer goods Propaganda aims to inspire civilians to aid war effort War Limits Civil Rights Japanese Americans face prejudice, fear Army puts Japanese Americans in interment camps in 1942

US Mobilization

Japanese Internment

Japanese Internment

Victory in Europe The D-Day Invasion The Battle of the Bulge Allies plan invasion of France; use deception to confuse Germans D-Day – June 6,1944; day of “Operation Overlord” invasion of France Allied forces capture Normandy beaches; liberate Paris by September The Battle of the Bulge US, British forces advance on Germany from west, Soviets from east Battle of the Bulge – German counterattack in December 1944 Germans gain early success but forced to retreat The Ardennes Offensive (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945) was a major German offensive launched towards the end of World War II through the forested Ardennes Mountains region of Belgium (and more specifically of Wallonia: hence its French name, Bataille des Ardennes), France and Luxembourg on the Western Front. The offensive was called Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein (translated as Operation The Guard on the Rhine or Operation "Watch on the Rhine") by the German armed forces (Wehrmacht). This German offensive was officially named the Battle of the Ardennes[6] or the Ardennes-Alsace campaign[7] by the U.S. Army[8], but it is known to the general public simply as the Battle of the Bulge, a description promoted by Winston Churchill to deliberately belittle in the public's mind at the time the serious nature of the struggle.[citation needed] The “bulge” was the initial incursion the Germans put into the Allies’ line of advance, as seen in maps presented in contemporary newspapers. The German offensive was supported by subordinate operations known as Unternehmen Bodenplatte, Unternehmen Greif, and Unternehmen Währung. Germany’s planned goal for these operations was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp, Belgium, and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis Powers’ favor.[9] The Germans planned the offensive with utmost secrecy, minimizing radio traffic and conducting the movement of troops and equipment under cover of darkness. Although ULTRA suggested a possible attack and the Third U.S. Army's intelligence staff predicted a major German offensive, the Germans still caught them by surprise. This was achieved by a combination of Allied overconfidence, preoccupation with their own offensive plans, poor aerial reconnaissance, and the relative lack of combat contact by the First U.S. Army in an area considered a "quiet sector". Almost complete surprise against a weak section of the Allies’ line was achieved during heavy overcast weather, when the Allies’ strong air forces would be grounded. German objectives ultimately were unrealized. In the wake of the defeat, many experienced German units were left severely depleted of men and equipment, as survivors retreated to the defences of the Siegfried Line. With over 800,000 men committed and over 19,000 killed, the Battle of the Bulge became the single biggest and bloodiest battle in U.S. history.[10][11

Victory In Europe Germany’s Unconditional Surrender By 1945, Allied armies approach Germany from two sides Soviets surrounded Berlin in April 1945 Hitler commits suicide On May 9, 1945, Germany officially surrenders, marking V-E Day President Roosevelt dies in April; Harry Truman becomes President

Soviets Take Berlin

Victory in Pacific The Japanese in Retreat Allies move to retake the Philippines in late 1944 Battle of Leyte Gulf leaves Japanese navy badly damaged Kamikazes – Japanese pilots who fly suicide mission In March 1945, American forces capture Iwo Jima US takes Okinawa in June 1945; Japan suffers huge casualties

Victory in the Pacific The Japanese Surrender Advisors warn Truman that invasion of Japan will cost many lives He has alternative; powerful new weapon called atomic bomb Manhattan Project – secret program to develop the atomic bomb

Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, August 6, 1945; about 75,000 die Nagasaki bombed on August 9; 70,000 die immediately Japanese surrender on September 2, 1945 on the battleship Missouri