Localization of the Functions of the Brain

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
And Brain Organization
Advertisements

  Consists of the brain stem  pathway for all nerves entering and leaving the brain  The Pons-- involved with sleep and alertness; connects brain.
1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Human Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht Chapter.
The Brain! IIA-3.1 Identify the structure and function of the major regions of the brain. IIA-3.2 Recognize that specific functions are centered in specific.
The Cerebral Cortex is split into four LOBES, with half of each one on the left, and half of each one on the right: The FRONTAL LOBE The PARIETAL LOBE.
The Nervous System.
Lobes: FRONTAL LOBESOCCIPITAL LOBESPARIETAL LOBESTEMPORAL LOBES THE FOUR REGIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX OF EACH OF THE TWO HEMISPHERES.
THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR. THE HINDBRAIN Medulla attaches to spinal cord; circulation, breathing, reflexes, muscle tone Pons, “bridge”, connects brainstem.
The Brain.
BRAIN STRUCTURES. HINDBRAIN Cerebellum – coordinates movement, balance, organizes sensory information that guides movement medulla – circulates blood,
The Brain. CNS – composed of the brain and spinal cord Composed of wrinkled, pinkish gray tissue Surface anatomy includes cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum,
The most complex mechanism known
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology Fifth edition Seeley, Stephens and Tate Slide 2.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin.
Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Parietal lobe Frontal association area Speech Smell Hearing Auditory association area Vision Visual association.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regions of the Brain  Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)  Diencephalon  Brain.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Central Nervous System (CNS)  CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube 
The Nervous System Part II  Cerebrum  Largest part of the brain  CEREBRAL CORTEX – layer of gray matter that covers the upper and lower surfaces of.
Biology and Behavior Ch.3 Holt- Psychology Principals in Practice.
Regions of the Brain Cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon Brain stem
The Human Brain. Basic Brain Structure Composed of 100 billion cells Makes up 2% of bodies weight Contains 15% of bodies blood supply Uses 20% of bodies.
Lesson 9 -The Brain Brainstem – innermost region of the brain home to vital unconscious function.
Chapter 36 Animal Brain Organization and Function Chapter 36.
The Nervous System Part II-The Brain. I. Central Nervous System: The Brain Cerebrum –Largest part –Sensory & motor functions –Higher mental functions.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Brain  3 lbs  About the size of two fists  Wrinkled  Not solid- kind.
Lesson 2: The Lower Brain:. Parts of the Brain: The parts of the brain can also be divided into 3 areas: FOREBRAIN. MIDBRAIN. HINDBRAIN.
Functions of Major Brain Regions
Older Brain Structures
Chapter 7 The Nervous System
The Brain.
Nervous System HLTAP301A.
Sheep Brain Dissection Lab
Da Brain.
WHY STUDY THE BRAIN IN PSYCHOLOGY?
The Structures of the Brain
Directions Dorsal Ventral Anterior Posterior Towards the back
Older Brain Structures
The Brain And It’s Organization.
Brain Structure
3.4 The Brain.
Human Nervous system Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system
Brain Parts With Mnemonics.
The Brain.
III. What Are the Basic Brain Structures and Their Functions?
The BRAIN Chapter 3.
The Brain Mr. Roorda and Mrs. King.
Central Nervous System
Da Brain.
THE HUMAN BRAIN!!!.
Parts of the Brain.
Brain Notes.
Brain Structures brain mneumonics
The Biology of Behavior
The Central Nervous System
Chapter 7 The Nervous System
3.02 Understand the functions of the nervous system
The Nervous System.
Chapter 7 The Nervous System
The Reflex Arc Reflex – rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli Reflex arc – direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to.
Chapter 7 The Nervous System
The Nervous System.
THE BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR.
Functions of the Brain Year 10 – Psychology.
Central Nervous System
Chapter 7 The Nervous System
The Nervous System.
The Brain.
HUMAN BRAIN BY, BINCY CHERIAN ASST. PROF COLLEGE OF NURSING KISHTWAR.
Central Nervous System
Parts of the Brain.
Presentation transcript:

Localization of the Functions of the Brain what parts do what

The Hindbrain

Medulla Oblongata The medulla (oblongata) lies immediately anterior to the spinal cord. The medulla: 1. Is where ascending and descending tracts of many fibers cross, resulting in contralateral control 2. Regulates heart rate and force of contraction 3. Regulates distribution of blood flow 4. Sets the pace of respiratory movements 5. Controls vomiting 6. Regulates reflexes such as coughing, salivating, and sneezing 7. Includes sensory and motor nuclei of five cranial nerves. Cranial nerves control sensations and movement of the head and control much of the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system’s control of the organs.

The Pons The pons lies immediately anterior to the medulla. The pons: 1. Includes ascending and descending tracts and nuclei of cranial nerves 2. Helps coordinate movements and is involved in sleep and arousal

The Cerebellum The cerebellum (“little brain”) is dorsal to the medulla and the pons. The cerebellum: 1. Represents one-eighth the mass of the brain but includes about 90% of the neurons in the nervous system 2. Coordinates motor function based upon the integration of motion and positional information from the inner ear and individual muscles 3. Does not initiate muscle movement. 4. Is important for all sensory and motor functions that depend on accurate timing of short (less than 2 seconds) intervals

The Midbrain

The Midbrain The midbrain: 1. Integrates sensory processes 2. Includes ascending and descending tracts and nuclei of cranial nerves 3. Is involved in control of eye movement 4. Is responsible for reflexive responses during vision (e.g., pupil reflex) 5. Is responsible for involuntary control of muscle tone 6. The reticular formation runs through the hindbrain and midbrain. It is a series of interconnected nuclei that contributes to sleep and arousal regulation.

The Forebrain

The Thalamus The thalamus lies anterior to the midbrain. The thalamus: 1. Relays for sensory pathways carrying visual, auditory, and somatosensory information to appropriate regions of the cerebral cortex (neocortex) 2. Integrates different sensory information 3. Is probably involved in determining what sensory input is attended to at any point in time

The Hypothalamus The hypothalamus lies underneath the thalamus. It manages basic body functions. The hypothalamus: 1. Controls autonomic functions such as body temperature and heart rate via control of sympathetic and parasympathetic centers in the medulla 2. Sets appetitive drives (such as thirst, hunger, sexual desire) and behaviors 3. Sets emotional states with the limbic system 4. Integrates with the endocrine system by the secretion of peptide hormones that regulate the secretion of tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary (These hormones control the rate of activity by other endocrine glands. The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus.) 5. Produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin, which are stored in and released from the posterior pituitary

The Limbic System The limbic system consists of a number of structures surrounding the brain stem. The limbic system is involved in motivation, emotion, and memory, though its role in memory is a topic of deliberation among researchers. It also provides a link between the intellectual functions of the cerebral cortex and the autonomic functions of the brain stem.

Parts of the Limbic System The amygdala is critical for processing information with emotional content, such as understanding other people’s facial expressions of emotions and understanding descriptions of situations that might produce emotional consequences. The hippocampus is involved in aspects of learning, especially spatial learning and learning the relationships among objects. It also plays a role in storing (consolidating) information into long term memory.

The Cerebrum The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain. It conducts more complex mental activities. The surface of the cerebrum (the cerebral cortex) has many convolutions that increase the surface area of the brain and provide a means of mapping regions. a. Gyri (rolls) form the folding out portion of the cortex. b. Sulci are valleys in the convolutions. c. Fissures are deeper than sulci.

Lobes of the Cerebrum Lobes are four large regions of the cerebral cortex of each of the two hemispheres. a. The left and right frontal lobes are anterior to the central sulcus and above the lateral sulcus. b. The left and right temporal lobes are inferior to the lateral sulcus. c. The left and right parietal lobes are posterior to the central sulcus, anterior to the parietal-occipital sulcus, and superior to the lateral sulcus. d. The left and right occipital lobes are posterior to the parietal-occipital fissure.

Functions of the Lobes The occipital lobes process visual information. The somatosensory region is the anterior strip of the parietal lobes where information regarding stimulation of various body parts is received. The motor cortex is located in the posterior area of the frontal lobes just anterior to the central sulcus that separates it from the somatosensory cortex. The motor cortex is concerned with integration of activities performed by skeletal muscles and initiates movements. The auditory cortex is partially buried within the lateral sulcus in the temporal lobes. Sensations of smell and taste are processed anteriorly in the temporal lobes.

Lobe Functions, continued Multiple representations of information can be illustrated with respect to speech. The temporal cortex is important for understanding language, especially spoken language. The left frontal cortex is important for language production (speaking and writing). (Recall the earlier mention of Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area.) The occipital cortex contributes to reading or to any other instance in which someone talks about what he or she sees.

Damage and Deficits Specialized deficits can occur after localized brain damage in the cerebral cortex. Examples: People with damage to part of the inferior temporal cortex lose the ability to recognize faces, although they otherwise have good vision. People with damage to part of the middle temporal cortex lose the ability to perceive visual motion. People with damage to part of the somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe get the emotion aspect of a sensation without the touch sensation (they may not feel their arm, but if gently stroked, they may say they feel good).