Figure 11-1 Types of joints. Dense fibrous connective tissue Sternum Suture Hyaline cartilage First rib d Scapula Hyaline cartilage a Humerus f Synchondrosis Multiaxial synovial joint g b Humerus Body of vertebra h Hyaline cartilage c Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc Ulna Radius Symphyses Uniaxial synovial joint Ulna Radius Hyaline cartilage Pubis Lunate e Fibrocartilage Triquetrum Scaphoid Tibia Symphysis Biaxial synovial joint Fibula Dense fibrous connective tissue Syndesmosis

Figure 11-2 General structure of a synovial joint. Ligament Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid) Articular (hyaline) cartilage Fibrous layer Synovial membrane (secretes synovial fluid) Articular capsule Periosteum 2

Figure 11-3 Types of synovial joints. Plane joint (nonaxial) Condylar joint (biaxial) Hinge joint (uniaxial) Saddle joint (biaxial) Pivot joint (uniaxial) Ball-and-socket joint (multiaxial) 3

Figure 11-4 Muscle attachments (origin and insertion). contracting Origin Brachialis Tendon Insertion 4

Figure 11-5a-b Movements occurring at synovial joints of the body. Hyperextension Extension Extension Flexion Hyperextension Flexion 5

Figure 11-5c Movements occurring at synovial joints of the body. Flexion Hyper- extension Extension Flexion Extension 6

Figure 11-5d-e Movements occurring at synovial joints of the body. Rotation Abduction Adduction Lateral rotation Circumduction Medial rotation 7

Figure 11-5f-h Movements occurring at synovial joints of the body. Dorsiflexion Pronation (radius rotates over ulna) Supination (radius and ulna are parallel) P Plantar flexion S Inversion Eversion 8

Figure 11-6 Hip joint relationships. Articular cartilage Coxal (hip) bone Ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum teres) Acetabular labrum Femur Synovial cavity Articular capsule Anterior inferior iliac spine Iliofemoral ligament Acetabular labrum Synovial membrane Pubofemoral ligament Greater trochanter Ligament of the head of the femur Head of femur Articular capsule (cut) 9

Figure 11-7 Knee joint relationships. Posterior cruciate ligament Fibular collateral ligament Medial condyle Quadriceps femoris muscle Tendon of quadriceps femoris Tibial collateral ligament Lateral condyle of femur Tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle Femur Suprapatellar bursa Anterior cruciate ligament Articular capsule Lateral meniscus Patella Medial meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa Patella Tibia Medial patellar retinaculum Lateral patellar retinaculum Synovial cavity Lateral meniscus Lateral meniscus Patellar ligament Tibial collateral ligament Infrapatellar fat pad Fibular collateral ligament Anterior cruciate ligament Fibula Patella Deep infrapatellar bursa Patellar ligament Tibia Quadriceps tendon Patellar ligament Fibula Tibia Tendon of adductor magnus Femur Articular capsule Medial head of gastrocnemius muscle Oblique popliteal ligament Medial femoral condyle Lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle Anterior cruciate ligament Popliteus muscle Bursa Medial meniscus on medial tibial condyle Tibial collateral ligament Fibular collateral ligament Arcuate popliteal ligament Tendon of semimembranosus muscle Tibia Patellar 10

Figure 11-8 Shoulder joint relationships. Acromion Coracoid process Articular capsule Synovial cavity Glenoid cavity Glenoid labrum Articular cartilage Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle Glenohumeral ligaments Fibrous layer of articular capsule Tendon of the subscapularis muscle Scapula Posterior Anterior Acromion Coracoacromial ligament Coracoid process Rotator cuff muscle (cut) Subacromial bursa Articular capsule reinforced by glenohumeral ligaments Acromion (cut) Coracohumeral ligament Greater tubercle of humerus Head of humerus Subscapular bursa Glenoid cavity of scapula Transverse humeral ligament Tendon of the subscapularis muscle Capsule of shoulder joint (opened) Tendon sheath Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle Scapula 11

Figure 11-9 The temporomandibular (jaw) joint relationships. Mandibular fossa Articular disc Articular tubercle Articular tubercle Zygomatic process Infratemporal fossa Mandibular fossa Superior joint cavity External acoustic meatus Articular capsule Lateral ligament Synovial membranes Articular capsule Condylar process of mandible Ramus of mandible Ramus of mandible Inferior joint cavity Location of the joint in the skull Enlargement of a sagittal section through the joint 12

Table 11-1 Structural and Functional Characteristics of Body Joints (1 of 3)

Table 11-1 Structural and Functional Characteristics of Body Joints (2 of 3) 14

Table 11-1 Structural and Functional Characteristics of Body Joints (3 of 3) 15