Update on AP test Checks payable to Algonac High School Preference – give money directly to Mr. Thiede Lunch conflict – can give money to Mrs. Mavis Receipt will be returned to you Be sure all tests you are taking are on your receipt February 18 is absolute date for $ Free/ reduced – fees – talk to Mr. Thiede. School is coming up with list of those who qualify. Check with him.

Take out a piece of paper Name the Seven Dwarves

Now pick pick out the seven dwarves. Turn your paper over. Now pick pick out the seven dwarves. Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy

Seven Dwarves Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful

Figure 9.19 Test your memory Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers

Take out a piece of paper and…. List the U.S. Presidents

The Presidents Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower J.Adams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy Jefferson Pierce McKinley L.Johnson Madison Buchanan T.Roosevelt Nixon Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford JQ Adams A.Johnson Wilson Carter Jackson Grant Harding Reagan Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush Garfield Hoover Clinton Tyler Arthur FD.Roosevelt Bush Jr. Polk Truman Dean

Table 9.1 Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers

Figure 9.1 A modified three-stage processing model of memory Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers

Information processing model 5 Three stage memory – Encoding Putting information into memory Storage Retaining the encoded material Material learned has to get to storage Retrieval Ability to pull out encoded material when needed Taking a test Remembering names

Stages of Memory 6

Memory Stores 7 Feature Sensory Memory Working Memory LTM Encoding Copy Phonemic Semantic Capacity Unlimited 7±2 Chunks Very Large Duration 0.25 sec. 20 sec. Years

Sensory Memory 8 Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Events Encoding Events Encoding Retrieval OBJECTIVE 8| Contrast two types of sensory memory. Retrieval

Sensory memory 8 Holds information from all senses in sensory registers for a fraction of a second Selective attention: Focuses on mental processing on only part of the stimulus field

The longer the delay, the greater the memory loss. Sensory Memory 9 The longer the delay, the greater the memory loss. 20 40 60 80 Percent Recognized 0.15 0.30 0.50 1.00 Time (Seconds)

* Memory processing: hippocampus and cerebellum Figure 9.13 Memory subsystems Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers

Working Memory 11 Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Encoding Events Encoding Retrieval OBJECTIVE 9| Describe the duration and working capacity of short-term memory. Retrieval

Working memory 11 Modern day term for STM Three parts: Audio Visual Integration of audio and visual

Short-Term Memory 12 Memory that holds a few items briefly. Seven digits (plus of minus two). The info will be stored into long-term or forgotten. How do you store things from short-term to long-term? You must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory. Rehearsal

Memory - 12 Sensory – first experience Iconic memory Echoic memory Immediate recording – hear something, see something Moves into STM – stays there or goes away Iconic memory Photographic image – last only a few tenths of second Echoic memory Momentary sensory memory You heard something – did it encode?

Long-Term Memory 13 Sensory Memory Working Memory Long-term Memory Encoding Events Encoding Retrieval OBJECTIVE 10| Describe the capacity and duration of long-term memory. Retrieval

Long-Term Memory 14 The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

Long-Term Memory 14 Unlimited capacity store. Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1,000,000 billion bits of information (Landauer, 1986). R.J. Erwin/ Photo Researchers The Clark’s nutcracker can locate 6,000 caches of buried pine seeds during winter and spring.

How does our brain store long-term memories? 15 Memories do NOT reside in single specific spots of our brain. They are not electrical (if the electrical activity were to shut down in your brain, then restart- you would NOT start with a blank slate).

Types of LTM 16 slide # 10 – where information is processed in brain

Specific types of memory 16 Explicit Deliberately trying to remember Includes: Semantic memory Generalized knowledge of world Episodic memory Specific event – you were present Implicit Unintentional influences of prior experiences Procedural – tying shoes Classical/ operant conditioning - learning

Figure 9.3 Automatic versus effortful processing Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers

Automatic processing 17 Unconscious encoding of information You encode space, time, and word meaning without effort Things can become automatic with practice For example: If you tell me I am late, I will encode the meaning of what you said to me without any effort

Automatic processing 17 How well we remember is function of how deeply the information is process Some things are easy to process Material previously learned and deeply encoded AP Biology students in Psych Biology unit

Effortful processing 17 Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort Rehearsal is the most common effortful processing technique Through enough rehearsal, what was effortful becomes automatic Do you use flashcards to help you learn?

Effortful processing 17 TAP – Transfer appropriate processing How well the encoding process matches what is retrieved PDP - Parallel distributed processing New facts change our knowledge base Experiences integrated with existing information Enables us to draw generalizations and inferences

Encoding Meaning 18 “Whale” Structural Encoding Shallow Phonemic Q: Did the word begin with a capital letter? Structural Encoding Shallow Q: Did the word rhyme with the word “weight”? Phonemic Encoding Intermediate OBJECTIVE 5| Compare the benefits of visual, acoustic, and semantic encoding in remembering verbal information, and describe a memory-enhancing strategy related to the self-referent effect. Q: Would the word fit in the sentence? He met a __________ in the street. Semantic Encoding Deep Craik and Lockhart (1972)

Encoding 19 The processing of information into the memory system. Typing info into a computer Getting a girls name at a party

Types of Encoding 20 Encoding exercise Semantic Encoding: the encoding of meaning, like the meaning of words Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words. Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.

Figure 9.6 Levels of processing Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers

Self-Reference Effect 22 An example of how we encode meaning very well. The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves.

Hierarchy 23 Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories.

Spacing Effect 24 DO NOT CRAM!!!!! We encode better when we study or practice over time. DO NOT CRAM!!!!!

ACQUAINTED WITH THE NIGHT Spacing Effect 25 Distributing rehearsal (spacing effect) is better than practicing all at once. Robert Frost’s poem could be memorized with fair ease if spread over time. ACQUAINTED WITH THE NIGHT Robert Frost I have been one acquainted with the night. I have walked out in rain — and back in rain. I have outwalked the furthest city light. … …

Serial Position Effect 26 TUV ZOF GEK WAV XOZ TIK FUT WIB SAR POZ REY GIJ Better recall Poor recall

Serial position effect 26 First and last items Primacy effect – beginning of the list Recency effect – end of the list

Chunking 27 Organizing items into familiar, manageable units. Often it will occur automatically. 1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1 Chunk- from Goonies Do these numbers mean anything to you? 1492, 1776, 1812, 1941 how about now?

Capacity 28 M U T G I K T L R S Y P George Miller The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information (1956). Ready? M U T G I K T L R S Y P You should be able to recall 7±2 letters. George Miller

Chunking / capacity 28 Enables us to increase what goes into LTM – by breaking the information into groups Phone numbers Social security numbers Zip codes Addresses (max number of 5 numerals in an address)

The duration of the working memory is about 20 sec. Brown/Peterson and Peterson (1958/1959) measured the duration of working memory by manipulating rehearsal. CHJ MKT HIJ 547 547 544 541 … CH?? The duration of the working memory is about 20 sec.

Memory Effects 30 Next-in-line-Effect: When you are so anxious about being next that you cannot remember what the person just before you in line says, but you can recall what other people around you say. Focus on what you will say. Spacing Effect: We retain information better when we rehearse over time. Serial Position Effect: When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items.

Method of Loci 31 Putting a location with the memory – helps one remember List of Items Charcoal Pens Bed Sheets Hammer . Rug Imagined Locations Backyard Study Bedroom Garage . Living Room

Link Method 32 List of Items Newspaper Shaving cream Pen Umbrella . Lamp Involves forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together.

Other memory aids 32 Mnemonics Imagery Trying to recall bits of information ROY G. BIV Colors of visible spectrum Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet Spring forward/ fall back Imagery Use mental pictures Increases encoding Maintenance rehearsal Repeating over/ over Elaborative rehearsal Building associations with other information