LOCALIZATION & LATERALIZATION OF BRAIN FUNCTION

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Presentation transcript:

LOCALIZATION & LATERALIZATION OF BRAIN FUNCTION

INTRODUCTION: The Brain is the only body organ to exhibit both localisation and lateralisation of function. Localization = Different areas of the brain do different things. Lateralization = Each brain hemisphere is adapted to certain functions better than the other.

3 EARLY INVESTIGATORS OF BRAIN FUNCTION 1) Franz Josef Gall (1758-1828)  Cranioscopy, or phrenology  Size + shape cranium = Size + shape brain  Mental abilities innate and fixed  Level of development of ability reflection of size of cerebral organ

2) Jean-Pierre Flourens (1794-1867)  First experimental lesions in brain.  Not precise; severe brain damage occurred in some cases.  No specific areas found, but different lesions caused different problems.

3) Paul Broca (1824-1880)  First put forward for specific language centre In the brain.  Patient with brain damage understood everything said to him, but could only say 'tan' in reply (Broca's aphasia).  Patient with similar symptoms found to have brain damage in same area in post mortem examination.

AN EXAMPLE OF BRAIN LOCALIZATION:  Different areas of brain associated with same functions.  Broca's area: Articulation of speech. Patients with Broca's aphasia can understand speech but cannot articulate it themselves.  Wernicke's area: Understanding language. Patients with Wernicke's aphasia can articulate speech but are unable to understand it.  Other brain areas concerned with speech double up with other functions; e.g. memory, emotions, concentration etc.

THE CORTEX The cortex is the part of the brain Emotion, experience, planning, initiative, language production , frontal motor area. > Senses, touch , monitoring of body parts > Vision. Hearing, language comprehension and memory The cortex is the part of the brain which is most strongly associated with the mind and general consciousness.

THE LIMBIC SYSTEM Hypothalamus - basic drives; temperature control,hunger, thirst & sex  Hippocampus - memory function and learning  Amygdala - basic emotions (fear & rage), forming emotional memories.

THE CEREBELLUM & THE BRAIN STEM  Cerebellum- movement and balance.  Medulla - regulation of vital function (breathing, circulation).  Pons – plays role in sleep and arousal  Reticular formation - relay network controlling sensory input and regulating arousal, alertness and sleep.

BRAIN LATERALIZATION & THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES  Each hemisphere responsible for the opposite side of the body.  Left hemisphere receives information from right field of view and vice versa  Work with split brain patients helped to identify differences in function of the two hemispheres of the brain.  Hemispheric specialization also linked with handedness, in that right handed people have a dominant left hemisphere and so on.

STUDYING THE BRAIN  EEG (electroencephalogram)  Brain Scans (MRI, PET, CAT)  Electrical Stimulation