Schedule of activities quiz dissections!

RECAP LOPHOTROCHOZOA - PROTOSTOMA - ANIMALIA 2

ABSTRACT + POSTER!!

ANIMAL PHYLOGENY PROTOSTOMIA BILATRERIA ANIMALIA CHORDATA HEMICHORDATA DEUTEROSTOMIA ECHINODERMATA ARTHROPODA TARDIGRADA ONYCHOPHORA NEMATODA ECDYSOZOA NEMATOMORPHA PRIAPULIDA KINORHYNCHA PROTOSTOMIA BILATRERIA ANIMALIA BRYOZOA BRACHIOPODA PHORONIDA ANNELIDA LOPHOTROCHOZOA MOLLUSCA SIPUNCULIDA PLATYHELMITHES PLACOZOA CNIDARIA PRE-BILATERIANS PORIFERA PROTISTA MODIFIED FROM Valentine et al., 1999

PLATYHELMINTHES (free-living Turbellaria (planarian, Dugesia) Parasitic Cestoda, or tapeworms (kestos: tape, belt, ribbon) Monogenea: exoparasites of fish Parasitic Flukes Digenean Trematoda (trematoda: pierced with holes) The term "TREMATODES" was used to combine digeneans and monogeneans. This may be an artifical grouping since (ultrastructural) morphological evidence suggests that the Monogenea are more closely related to the Cestoda than to the Digenea. 5

Neodermata, “new skin” a syncytial tegument forms a living, interactive interface with host Syncytium a large cell-like structure; filled with cytoplasm, containing many nuclei. Book page 112 6

PLATYHELMINTHES Monogeneans (One host) Digeneans (Two hosts or more) Echinostomatidae Fasciola, Echinostoma Paragonimus, Ophistorchis Strigeids Schistosomatidae 7

8 www.dallasdiscus.com/fluke.htm http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/malacology/IZ2005/LabNotes/Lab5/lab5.htm www.dallasdiscus.com/fluke.htm http://martin.parasitology.mcgill.ca/jimspage/biopage/cont.htm 8

DIGENETIC TREMATODA Parasitic flatworms or flukes Digenea refers to the two types of generations in the life cycle: the germinal sacs which parasitize the intermediate host (a mollusk or rarely an annelid) and reproduce asexually (2) the adult which is primarily endoparasitic in vertebrates and reproduces sexually. The adult usually is hermaphroditic, but many of the blood flukes and a few others are dioecious. Vertebrates of all classes, except the Cyclostomata, serve as definitive hosts. Those feeding on aquatic plants and animals harbor the greatest variety of digenetic trematodes, but several species occur in strictly terrestrial hosts. 9

Generalized digenean life cycle 10

11

DIVERSITY 12 Apophallus muehlingi Alaria americanum http://www.biologie.uni-erlangen.de/parasit/contents/research/echino.html UW-L www.maine.gov/dep/blwq/doclake/itch.htm DIVERSITY Apophallus muehlingi greenmuseum.org/c/vban/trematode.php Alaria americanum http://parasitology.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de/login/n/h/0103.html cal.vet.upenn.edu/merial/Trems/fascio_c.htm 12

Opisthorchis viverrini Clonorchis sinensis Fasciola hepatica Fasciolopsis buski Paragonimus westermani 13

Clinical Features Fascioliasis: Acute phase (months, migration of the immature fluke through the liver): abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, urticaria and eosinophilia. Chronic phase (adult fluke within the bile ducts), intermittent biliary obstruction and inflammation. Occasionally, ectopic infection of intestinal wall, lungs, subcutaneous tissue, and pharyngeal mucosa. Clonorchiasis: Inflammation and intermittent obstruction of the biliary ducts. In the acute phase, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, and eosinophilia can occur. In long-standing infections, cholangitis, cholelithiasis, pancreatitis, and cholangiocarcinoma (FATAL). Ophistorchiasis: Mostly asymptomatic.  In mild cases, manifestations include dyspepsia, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation.  With infections of longer duration, the symptoms can be more severe, and hepatomegaly and malnutrition may be present.  In rare cases, cholangitis, cholecystitis, and cholangiocarcinoma may develop.  In addition, infections due to O. felineus may present an acute phase resembling Katayama fever (schistosomiasis), with fever, facial edema, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, rash, and eosinophilia.  Paragonimiasis:The acute phase (invasion and migration) may be marked by diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, cough, urticaria, hepatosplenomegaly, pulmonary abnormalities, and eosinophilia. During the chronic phase, pulmonary manifestations include cough, expectoration of discolored sputum, hemoptysis, and chest radiographic abnormalities. Extrapulmonary locations of the adult worms result in more severe manifestations, especially when the brain is involved Fasciolopsiasis: Mostly light and asymptomatic. In heavier infections, symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, ascites, anasarca and intestinal obstruction. 14

15

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol11no10/pdfs/05-0614.pdf 16

TREATMENT (PZQ) www.eipico.com.eg/product.asp?id1=3&id2=0&id4=5 17

DIGENETIC TREMATODA Some digenean parasites actively penetrate the definitive host! 18

Blood flukes Active penetration of skin Live in blood of host Dioecious, NOT hermaphroditic Dioecious Organisms whose individuals produce only one type of gamete; (either male or female). Monoecious (hermaphroditic) Organisms whose individuals produce both male and female gametes 19

infect humans Brant SV, Loker ES. Can specialized pathogens colonize distantly related hosts? Schistosome evolution as a case study. PLoS Pathog. 2005 November; 1(3): e38. Published online 2005 November 25. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0010038 20

Cercarial dermatitis, swimmer’s itch http://www.helminthology.cz/trichobilharzia.htm Visceral versus nasal bird schistosomes 21

Schistosomiasis 22