Noun Declensions 1st: mostly feminine, with a few masculine. ancilla, poēta, aqua 2nd: masculine (-us) or neuter (-um) dominus, servus, templum, ātrium 3rd: all genders; usually with one stem in the nominative (with neuters, nominative and accusative) and another for the other cases leō, leōnis; mīles, mīlitis; custōs, custōdis 4th: masculine (-us) and neuter (-ū) gradus, portus, cornu 5th: feminine, except for diēs, which can be masculine or feminine

Dictionary Entries The dictionary will give you the nominative singular, genitive singular and gender of a noun. To save space, the genitive singular can be abbreviated: ancilla, ancillae f. OR ancilla, -ae f. dominus, dominī m. OR dominus, dominī m. mīles, mīlitis m. OR mīles, -itis m. The genitive singular lets you know how the stem changes in a 3rd declension noun and also tells you if a noun in –us is 2nd or 4th declension servus, -ī m. v. portus, -ūs m. The vocabulary at the back of Cambridge Book 1 gives you the accusative singular instead because the genitive is not introduced until Book 2.

General Tips The accusative singular in masculine and feminine nouns always ends in –m dominum, ancillam, mercātōrem The accusative plural of masculine and feminine nouns always ends in -s dominōs, ancillās, montēs The genitive plural always ends in -um dominōrum, ancillārum, montium The dative and ablative plural are always the same and end in –īs or –bus cum ancillīs, cum dominīs, sine mīlitibus, omnibus crēdite The neuter nominative and accusative are always the same forum est pulchrum, forum spectāmus The neuter nominative/accusative plural always ends in –a computātra nōn sunt animālia (so a word ending in –a isn’t always a singular, 1st declension noun)

1st declension: ancilla, -ae (f.) Singular Plural Nominative ancilla ancillae Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative

1st declension: ancilla, -ae (f.) Singular Plural Nominative ancilla ancillae Genitive ancillārum Dative Accusative Ablative

1st declension: ancilla, -ae (f.) Singular Plural Nominative ancilla ancillae Genitive ancillārum Dative ancillīs Accusative Ablative

1st declension: ancilla, -ae (f.) Singular Plural Nominative ancilla ancillae Genitive ancillārum Dative ancillīs Accusative ancillam ancillās Ablative

1st declension: ancilla, -ae (f.) Singular Plural Nominative ancilla ancillae Genitive ancillārum Dative ancillīs Accusative ancillam ancillās Ablative ancillā

1st DECLENSION IRREGULARITIES The Dat/Abl plural of fīlia (daughter) and dea (goddess) are fīliābus and deābus to avoid confusions with fīliīs (< fīlius, son) and deīs (< deus, god) With names of cities and small islands, the Locative endings –ae (sing.) and –īs (plr) are used instead of prepositions to give the meaning `in’ or `at’: Rōmae, in Rome (but in urbe Rōmā, in the city of Rome) Athēnīs, in Athens (but in urbe Athēnīs

2nd declension: dominus, -ī (m.) Singular Plural Nominative dominus dominī Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative

2nd declension: dominus, -ī (m.) Singular Plural Nominative dominus dominī Genitive dominōrum Dative Accusative Ablative

2nd declension: dominus, -ī (m.) Singular Plural Nominative dominus dominī Genitive dominōrum Dative dominō dominīs Accusative Ablative

2nd declension: dominus, -ī (m.) Singular Plural Nominative dominus dominī Genitive dominōrum Dative dominō dominīs Accusative dominum dominōs Ablative

2nd declension: dominus, -ī (m.) Singular Plural Nominative dominus dominī Genitive dominōrum Dative dominō dominīs Accusative dominum dominōs Ablative

2nd declension: templum, -ī (n.) Singular Plural Nominative templum templa Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative

2nd declension: templum, -ī (n.) Singular Plural Nominative templum templa Genitive templī templōrum Dative Accusative Ablative

2nd declension: templum, -ī (n.) Singular Plural Nominative templum templa Genitive templī templōrum Dative templō templīs Accusative Ablative

2nd declension: templum, -ī (n.) Singular Plural Nominative templum templa Genitive templī templōrum Dative templō templīs Accusative Ablative

2nd declension: templum, -ī (n.) Singular Plural Nominative templum templa Genitive templī templōrum Dative templō templīs Accusative Ablative

2nd DECLENSION - IRREGULARITIES With names of cities and small islands, the LOCATIVE endings –ī (sing.) and –īs (plr) are used instead of prepositions to give the meaning `in’ or `at’: Marcus Londiniī et Pompeiīs habitābat Nouns in –us change to –e when the person is being addressed but the –us is simply dropped if `i’ precedes it (VOCATIVE case) Ad urbem, Marce et Iūlī, venīte! A preceding `i’ may be dropped before the –ī of the GENITIVE and LOCATIVE Pater Iulī Londinī habitat Julius’s father lives in London. The address (VOCATIVE) form of deus is the same as the nominative, while dī is often used instead of deī in the NOM plural, deum instead of deōrum in the GEN plural and dīs for deīs in the DAT and ABL plural. Dī nōbīs favent vir (man) uses vir- as the stem for all cases after the NOM/VOC singular A few nouns in-er (eg. puer, magister, liber) similarly use that form for the NOM/VOC singular, then use this as the base for all the other endings, often dropping the `e’ also Puer est in viā. Puerum videō (`e’ retained) Magister est in viā. Magistrum videō (`e’ dropped)

3rd declension: leō, leōnis (m.) Singular Plural Nominative leō leōnēs Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative

3rd declension: leō, leōnis (m.) Singular Plural Nominative leō leōnēs Genitive leōnis leōnum Dative Accusative Ablative

3rd declension: leō, leōnis (m.) Singular Plural Nominative leō leōnēs Genitive leōnis leōnum Dative leōnī leōnibus Accusative Ablative

3rd declension: leō, leōnis (m.) Singular Plural Nominative leō leōnēs Genitive leōnis leōnum Dative leōnī leōnibus Accusative leōnem Ablative

3rd declension: leō, leōnis (m.) Singular Plural Nominative leō leōnēs Genitive leōnis leōnum Dative leōnī leōnibus Accusative leōnem Ablative leōne

3rd declension: nōmen, nōminis (n.) Singular Plural Nominative nōmen nōmina Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative

3rd declension: nōmen, nōminis (n.) Singular Plural Nominative nōmen nōmina Genitive nōminis nōminum Dative Accusative Ablative

3rd declension: nōmen, nōminis (n.) Singular Plural Nominative nōmen nōmina Genitive nōminis nōminum Dative nōminī nōminibus Accusative Ablative

3rd declension: nōmen, nōminis (n.) Singular Plural Nominative nōmen nōmina Genitive nōminis nōminum Dative nōminī nōminibus Accusative Ablative

3rd declension: nōmen, nōminis (n.) Singular Plural Nominative nōmen nōmina Genitive nōminis nōminum Dative nōminī nōminibus Accusative Ablative nōmine

3rd declension: SeXy nouns 3rd declension adjectives ending in –s or–x with the same number of syllables in nominative and genitive singular (e.g cīvis, cīvis, citizen; ignis, ignis, fire) or with a one-syllable nominative singular and a stem for the genitive ending in two consonants (urbs, urbis or nox, noctis) have the genitive plural in –ium: e,g, civium, urbium These nouns also have an alternative accusative plural ending in –īs (e.g. cīvīs videō or cīvēs videō, I see the citizens). This ending, rarely used in beginners’ books, is quite common in Latin literature. If the nominative and genitive singular are exactly the same, the ablative singular can end in –ī as well as in –e (e.g. cum cīvī or cum cīve (with a citizen), sine ignī or sine igne (without fire))

3rd declension: civis, civis (m., f.) Singular Plural Nominative cīvis cīvēs Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative

3rd declension: civis, civis (m., f.) Singular Plural Nominative cīvis cīvēs Genitive cīvium Dative Accusative Ablative

3rd declension: civis, civis (m., f.) Singular Plural Nominative cīvis cīvēs Genitive cīvium Dative cīvī cīvibus Accusative Ablative

3rd declension: civis, civis (m., f.) Singular Plural Nominative cīvis cīvēs Genitive cīvium Dative cīvī cīvibus Accusative cīvem cīvēs or cīvīs Ablative

3rd declension: civis, civis (m., f.) Singular Plural Nominative cīvis cīvēs Genitive cīvium Dative cīvī cīvibus Accusative cīvem cīvēs or cīvīs Ablative cīve or civī

3rd declension: neuter nouns with –ia plural Neuter nouns ending in –e, -al or –ar (e.g. mare, maris, sea; animal, animālis, animal) also have genitive plural nominative in –ium They have nominative and accusative plural in –ia Their ablative singular ALWAYS ends in -ī

3rd declension: mare, maris (m., f.) Singular Plural Nominative mare maria Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative

3rd declension: mare, maris (m., f.) Singular Plural Nominative mare maria Genitive maris marium Dative Accusative Ablative

3rd declension: mare, maris (m., f.) Singular Plural Nominative mare maria Genitive maris marium Dative marī maribus Accusative Ablative

3rd declension: mare, maris (m., f.) Singular Plural Nominative mare maria Genitive maris marium Dative marī maribus Accusative Ablative

3rd declension: mare, maris (m., f.) Singular Plural Nominative mare maria Genitive maris marium Dative marī maribus Accusative Ablative

3rd DECLENSION IRREGULARITIES With names of cities and small islands, the Locative endings –e or -ī (sing.) and –ibus (plr) are used instead of prepositions to give the meaning `in’ or `at’: Carthāgine habitābāmus Novemdracōnibus habitābam bōs, bovis m/f, ox/cow: GEN plr. bovum or boum, DAT/ABL plr. bovibus, bubus or bobus vīs f, force: only has ACCUS vim and ABL vī in singular; regular plr vīrēs, vīrium must be carefully distinguished from 2nd declension vir, virī (man).

4th declension: gradus, gradūs (m.) Singular Plural Nominative gradus gradūs Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative

4th declension: gradus, gradūs (m.) Singular Plural Nominative gradus gradūs Genitive graduum Dative Accusative Ablative

4th declension: gradus, gradūs (m.) Singular Plural Nominative gradus gradūs Genitive graduum Dative graduī gradibus Accusative Ablative

4th declension: gradus, gradūs (m.) Singular Plural Nominative gradus gradūs Genitive graduum Dative graduī gradibus Accusative gradum Ablative

4th declension: gradus, gradūs (m.) Singular Plural Nominative gradus gradūs Genitive graduum Dative graduī gradibus Accusative gradum Ablative gradū

4th declension: cornū, cornūs (n.) Singular Plural Nominative cornū cornua Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative

4th declension: cornū, cornūs (n.) Singular Plural Nominative cornū cornua Genitive cornūs cornuum Dative Accusative Ablative

4th declension: cornū, cornūs (n.) Singular Plural Nominative cornū cornua Genitive cornūs cornuum Dative cornu(ī) cornibus Accusative Ablative

4th declension: cornū, cornūs (n.) Singular Plural Nominative cornū cornua Genitive cornūs cornuum Dative cornu(ī) cornibus Accusative Ablative

4th declension: cornū, cornūs (n.) Singular Plural Nominative cornū cornua Genitive cornūs cornuum Dative cornu(ī) cornibus Accusative Ablative

5th declension: rēs, reī (f.) Singular Plural Nominative rēs Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative

5th declension: rēs, reī (f.) Singular Plural Nominative rēs Genitive reī rērum Dative Accusative Ablative

5th declension: rēs, reī (f.) Singular Plural Nominative rēs Genitive reī rērum Dative rēbus Accusative Ablative

5th declension: rēs, reī (f.) Singular Plural Nominative rēs Genitive reī rērum Dative rēbus Accusative rem Ablative

5th declension: rēs, reī (f.) Singular Plural Nominative rēs Genitive reī rērum Dative rēbus Accusative rem Ablative rē