What’s the grammatical difference between Caecilius and Caecilium?

Subject The doer of the verb or the topic of the sentence. Caecilius is the father.

Direct Object amicus Caecilium salutat. The thing acted upon by the verb. It receives the action of an action verb. amicus Caecilium salutat. Who’s the subject (doing the greeting)? Who’s the direct object (receiving the greeting)?

How to find the direct object? In Latin, the ending on a noun tells you how it functions in the sentence. Caecilius is the subject form of Caecilius. When he’s the direct object, his name ends with a um instead of a us. You’d spell his name Caecilium whenever he is the direct object.

via  viam mensa  mensam …other types of nouns: Nouns like via and mensa will end in AM instead of A when they are the direct object. Subject Form Direct Object Form via  viam mensa  mensam

Caecilius  Caecilium hortus  hortum atrium  atrium Nouns that end in –us or -um like Caecilius, hortus, or atrium will end in UM instead of US/UM when they are the direct object. Subject Form Direct Object Form Caecilius  Caecilium hortus  hortum atrium  atrium

mater, matris  matrem canis, canis  canem Nouns that don’t end in US or A and their 2nd form on the vocabulary ends in –IS, will have an EM as an ending instead of an IS. Subject Form Direct Object Form pater, patris  patrem mater, matris  matrem canis, canis  canem

What are Cases? Cases are used for nouns They tell us the purpose of each noun in a sentence Latin has 6 cases: Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Vocative

You already know 3 cases… Ablative – used with prepositions in tablino in culina Nominative – subject of a sentence Caecilius Metella Accusative – direct object in a sentence Caecilium Metellam

Declensions = Families for Nouns You look like your family, correct? Nouns have families too… called DECLENSIONS Today we will learn about three declension families: 1st Declension 2nd Declension 3rd Declension

How to determine a Noun’s Family (or Declension) Go to the Genitive Case (the 2nd entry in your vocab list). See which family it matches with… AE = 1st Declension I = 2nd Declension IS = 3rd Declension

How to find a noun’s stem: For 1st Declension nouns  Drop the AE to get the stem. For 2nd Declension nouns  Drop the I to get the stem. For 3rd Declension nouns  Drop the IS to get the stem. How to find a noun’s stem:

To form the accusative: Add an AM to the 1st Declension nouns’ stems. Add a UM to the 2nd Declension nouns’ stems. Add an EM to the 3rd Declension nouns’ stems.

via, viae viam culina, culinae culinam hortus, horti hortum Subject forms Direct Object forms via, viae viam culina, culinae culinam hortus, horti hortum amicus, amici amicum filius, filii filium pater, patris patrem mater, matris matrem canis, canis canem atrium, atrii atrium

Understanding Nouns in Dictionary Form… rex, regis (m). The first entry is the Nominative Case form of that noun (the case for subjects) The second entry is the Genitive Case form of that noun (the case for possession… but we’ll use it now for finding the stem) The third entry gives you the gender of your noun.

Let’s Practice …

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