Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype Molecular Basis for Relationship between Genotype and Phenotype genotype DNA DNA sequence transcription RNA translation amino acid sequence protein function phenotype organism

Germ-line Therapy vs Somatic Therapy Gene Therapy Germ-line Therapy vs Somatic Therapy

Gene Therapy in Mammals

Approaches to treatment of diseases Human Gene Therapy Approaches to treatment of diseases DNA transfer into afflicted individual

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency 1990 : First Clinical Trial Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) - defective adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene. - afflicted patients express no functional T or B lymphocytes. - “Bubble Boy Disease”

Delivery Approaches to Somatic Therapy Direct Administration: Introduction of normal gene using a virus retrovirus adenovirus Indirect Administration: Reintroduction of cells that have been made transgenic

Criteria for Gene Therapy: Candidacy of a Disease for Consideration 1. Mendelian inheritance 2. One gene product for the gene 3. Knowledge of function of gene product 4. Availability of normal gene sequence 5. Localized symptoms for the disease 6. Availability of delivery system

~ 25,000 genes in humans are potential candidates for gene therapy.

Candidates for Gene Therapy ?

~ 25,000 genes in humans are potential candidates for gene therapy.

Disease is usually fatal. Lungs, other organs are clogged with mucus. Cystic Fibrosis Disease is usually fatal. Lungs, other organs are clogged with mucus. repeated bouts of pneumonia heart stressed by decreased lung capacity delivery failure of pancreatic enzymes Life expectancy of 20-25 years ~1 of 29 Caucasians are carriers ~1 of 1600 Caucasians are affected ~30,000 Americans are affected

Cystic Fibrosis Caused by recessive mutation (chromosome 7) Failure to pump Cl- ions across cell membrane Missing Cl- ion channel protein (cystic fibrosis transmembrane protein or CFTR) Normal gene sequence available (cloned in 1989) Normal gene 250 kb in size Transcript of 6 kb in size Gene product of 1480 amino acids in length Over 1500 mutations documented

Cystic Fibrosis as Candidate for Gene Therapy 1. Recessive gene on chromosome 7. 2. CFTR is the gene product. 3. CFTR is an ion channel protein. 4. Normal gene sequence has been cloned. 5. Symptoms are localized to specific organs. 6. Adenovirus (cold virus) can be used to deliver normal sequence to lung cells.

Human DNA Information: Who should have access to your DNA information? Ethical Concerns Who should have access to your DNA information?