Sound.

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Presentation transcript:

Sound

Loudness --> Amplitude Characteristics Loudness --> Amplitude Pitch -->frequency

Wave Formulas

Speed of Sound The speed of sound in air changes with temperature. The speed at 0oC is 331m/s for dry air It increase by 0.6 m/s for each degree Celsius above zero.

Echoes An echo is a reflected sound wave An echo is sent from and detected at the same location An echo must travel the distance to the barrier two times to get back to the detector

Doppler Effect v = velocity of sound in air vs = velocity of source (toward is +) vd = velocity of detector (toward is +) f = frequency emitted f ' = frequency detected

Sound Intensity  = decibels (dB) P = Power of source (watts) I = intensity (W/m2) R= distance from source (m) Io = 10-12 W/m2 threshold of hearing 1 E -12 W/m2

A 20 dB increase = 10 times the pressure Concepts A 20 dB increase = 10 times the pressure A 10 dB increase = twice the loudness

Remember units! Frequency -- Hertz (cycles/sec) Period -- seconds Wavelength -- meters Wave speed -- m/s Intensity -- W/m2 Sound intensity level -- decibels (dB)

Harmonics and Overtones 1st harmonic = fundamental (f1) frequency 2nd harmonic = 1st overtone (f2) 3rd harmonic = 2nd overtone (f3) 4th harmonic = 3rd overtone (f4) and so on...

Resonance and Fundamental Frequency in air columns (tubes) Open ends have an antinode Closed ends have a node fundamental frequency is lowest frequency possible (lowest frequency  longest wavelength) use length of pipe to calculate wavelength by relating the length to the number of wavelengths formed

Resonance in air columns (tubes) Remember: open endantinode, closed endnode Fundamental frequency (1st harmonic) has 1 node 1st overtone (2nd harmonic)-2 nodes 2nd overtone (3rd harmonic)-3 nodes and so on … Assume speed of sound in air to be 343 m/s unless told otherwise (i.e. sound not in air or you are given a specific temp of air).

Resonance on Strings Fundamental frequency has ONE antinode (L = /2) (or segment) 2nd harmonic (1st overtone) – 2 antinodes (L = ) (or segments) 3rd harmonic (2nd overtone) - 3 antinodes ( L = 3/2) (or segments) 4th harmonic (3rd overtone) - 4 antinodes ( L = 2 ) (or segments) and so on…

Beats Beats occur due to interference patterns between sound waves of different frequencies. Sounds with frequencies separated by 7 Hertz or less will produce beats that can be detected by the human ear.