THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Diagnostic Medicine

Bell Work 4-9-18 1. A patient has absent lung sounds, dyspnea, and increased pulse rate. The patient is sent to imaging and it visualizes a collapsed lung. What is the diagnosis? 2. When the alveoli of the lungs are over dilated and lose their elasticity, what is most likely the patient’s diagnosis? 3. When a pulmonary artery is blocked by an embolus and unable to get sufficient oxygen into the blood, what is most likely the diagnosis of the patient?

Standard 19) Identify and perform skills to manage life threatening illnesses based on assessment findings of a pediatric, adult, and geriatric patient with medical emergencies, utilizing rubrics from textbooks, National HOSA guidelines, or clinical standards of practice in the following areas: i. Chest pain 20) Use assessment information to recognize shock, respiratory failure or arrest, and cardiac arrest based on assessment findings. Demonstrate the ability to manage the situation while awaiting additional emergency response.

Objective By the end of class, student will be able to Recognize main functions of the heart Identify the 4 chambers of the heart and the 4 heart valves Interpret the meaning of heart sounds

Anatomy Blood Vessels - arteries, veins, and capillaries are all blood vessels. Arteries – carry blood away from the heart Veins – Carry blood back to the heart Capillaries – Tiny blood vessels, where exchange of materials occurs, connects an artery and a vein. Lungs: organs that take in oxygen from the air and remove carbon dioxide from the body.

Key Terms Pulmonary – means anything dealing with the lungs Cardiac – means anything dealing with the heart Heart: a muscular organ that pumps blood to the lungs and the body.

Physiology Also known as Cardiovascular System Carries blood around the body Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells all over the body Transports wastes (urea, carbon dioxide, salt) to excretory organs It is composed of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels

The Heart Muscular organ Size of a closed fist Weighs 12-13 oz

CARDIOLOGY A PERSON’S HEART WILL BEAT APPROXIMATELY 100,000 TIMES A DAY, EVERY DAY IMAGINE TRYING TO SQUEEZE A TENNIS BALL 70 TIMES A MINUTE…..THAT IS WHAT YOUR HEART DOES EVERYDAY Why do you think your heart rate increases during exercise?????

FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART Pump blood through arteries, capillaries and veins Blood transports oxygen and nutrients Heart is the pump that keeps blood circulating properly

Structure Hollow, muscular, double pump that circulates blood At rest = 2 oz blood with each beat, 5 qts./min., 75 gallons per hour Ave = 72 beats per minute 100,000 beats per day PERICARDIUM – double layer of fibrous tissue that surrounds the heart MYOCARDIUM – cardiac muscle tissue, forms 4 chambers ENDOCARDIUM – smooth inner lining of heart SEPTUM – partition (wall) that separates right half from left half

Chambers and Valves SEPTUM divides into R and L halves Upper chambers – RIGHT ATRIUM and LEFT ATRIUM Lower chambers – RIGHT VENTRICLE and LEFT VENTRICLE Four heart valves permit flow of blood in one direction

VALVES Tricuspid – 3 flaps or cusps – prevents backflow into R atrium Pulmonary – 3 flaps – prevents backflow into R ventricle Mitral (bicuspid) – 2 flaps – prevents backflow into L atrium Aortic – prevents backflow into L ventricle

Valves Atrioventricular (AV) valves: Tricuspid and Mitral Valves. Between the Atrium and Ventricles Semilunar Valves: Pulmonary and Aortic

CARDIAC CYCLE Creates Heart sounds Heard through stethoscope “LUB-DUB” sound 1st sound – longest and loudest (closure of AV valves) 2nd sound – closure of aortic and pulmonary valves If valves do not close properly – you will hear an extra sound called a heart murmur

Pulse Wavelike pulsation of heartbeat in arteries Palpate superficial artery with pads of three middle fingers Veins do not pulsate Counting a patient’s pulse is a method of determining the patient’s heart rate. Count the patient’s pulse for 1 minute.

Factors Affecting Pulse Normal heart rate decreases with age Newborn heart rate is higher than an adult’s heart rate Athletic people will have decreased rate Heart rate increases with exercise, emotion, stress, fear, and anxiety Heart rate is affected by pregnancy, hyperthyroidism, and medications Fever increases heart rate Many factors affect pulse rate. Think of all the things that increase your heart rate and decrease your heart rate.

Heart Rate Measured in beats per minute Normal Heart Rate Adults – 60-100 Abnormal Heart Rates <60 BPM – Bradycardia >100 BPM – Tachycardia Your heart rate is: 70 BPM (70 beats per minute)

Pulse Sites Many pulse points in the body Any area where pulse can be felt May be done to evaluate circulation in body area Count heart rate Compressed to control bleeding Pulse points can also be used to control bleeding in the event of an injury or accident.

Major Pulse Sites Temporal Carotid Brachial Radial Femoral Popliteal Pedal - Dorsalis pedis and posterior tibialis Head—neck—arm—wrist—upper leg—knee—foot

Apex of Heart Lowest tip of the organ that points downward at the base, forming what almost looks like a rounded point. Strongest beat can be heard and even felt here!!! Stethoscope – instrument used to hear the heartbeat

Pulse Points Apical pulse— auscultated with stethoscope, 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line PMI: point of maximal impulse The apical pulse can be counted at the fifth intercostal space to the left of the sternum at the midclavicular line (MCL). This is also known as the point of maximal impulse, because it is where the heartbeat can be heard most easily. The apical pulse is always counted for 1 full minute.

Structure Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava – bring deoxygenated blood to right atrium Pulmonary artery – takes blood away from right ventricle to the lungs for O2 Pulmonary veins – bring oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium Aorta – takes blood away from left ventricle to rest of the body

Objective By the end of class, student will be able to Recognize main functions of the heart Identify the 4 chambers of the heart and the 4 heart valves Interpret the meaning of heart sounds

Exit Ticket List one function of the heart Draw me a heart with the four chamber and four valves What valves close with S1? What valves close with S2

Assignment Respiratory Lab Review questions only 1-14 Put in Notebook