Course Instructor: knza ch

Artificial Intelligence, A Modern Approach: 2nd edition by Stuart J. Russel and Peter Norvig. Artificial Intelligence Illuminated by Ben Coppin.

Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Computer Science concerned with the automation of intelligent behaviour. Artificial Intelligence is concerned with the design of intelligence in an artificial device. The art of creating machines that perform when functions that require intelligence performed by people. AI is the study of systems that act in a way that to any observer would appear to be intelligent.

Two main ideas in definitions: Intelligence Artificial devices Is it something which characterize humans? Or is there any absolute standard of judgment?

Ability to Solve problems. Ability to memorize and process information. Ability to Plan and Schedule. Ability to answer fuzzy questions(Ambiguity). Ability to learn. Ability to recognize. Ability to understand.

Someone’s intelligence is their ability to understand and learn things. Intelligence is the ability to think and understand instead of doing things by instinct or automatically. Thinking is the activity of using your brain to consider a problem or to create an idea.

Solving a Problem Next number in the sequence… Consider the following sequence… 1,3,7,13,21,----- What is the next number????

Solving a Problem Answer: 1+2= 3 3+4= 7 7+6= 13 13+8= 21 21+10= 31

Understanding and building intelligent entities Four approaches Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally

Turing Test Proposed by Alan Turin (1950)

“The computer passes the test if a human written interrogator, after posing some questions cannot tell whether the responses come from a person or not.” To pass the Turing test, the machine has to fool the interrogator into believing that it is human.

This view is the cognitive science approach to AI. Cognitive Modeling Method must not just exhibit behavior sufficient to fool a human judge but must do it in a way demonstrably analogous to human cognition. This involves trying to understand human thought and an effort to build machines that emulate human thought process. Requires to know how humans think? This view is the cognitive science approach to AI.

Formalize “correct” reasoning using a mathematical model. These laws were supposed to govern the operation of the mind. The emphasis in this case is on the inferencing mechanism, and its properties – i.e. how the system arrives at a conclusion, or the reasoning behind its selection of actions is very important.

An agent is something that acts. The rational agent is one that acts so as to achieve the best outcome or best expected outcome if there is uncertainty. Making correct inferences is often part of being a rational agent, however sometimes there is no provably correct thing to do, but something still has to be done. The focus is on how the system acts and performs, and not so much on the reasoning process.

Intelligent Machines Capabilities required: Natural language processing To enable successful communication in English Knowledge representation To store what it knows Automated Reasoning To store stored information to answer questions

Machine learning To adapt new circumstances and detect patterns Computer vision To perceive objects Robotics To manipulate objects and move about

AI systems are in everyday use for identifying credit card fraud for advising doctors for recognizing speech helping in complex planning tasks there are intelligent tutoring systems that provide students with personalized attention

AI systems have achieved limited success in these given tasks: In Computer vision, the systems are capable of face recognition In Robotics, we have been able to make vehicles that are mostly autonomous In Natural language processing, we have systems that are capable of simple machine translation Today’s Expert systems can carry out medical diagnosis in a narrow domain

Speech understanding systems are capable of recognizing several thousand words continuous speech. Planning and scheduling systems had been employed in scheduling experiments with the Hubble Telescope. In Games, AI systems can play at the Grand Master level in chess (world champion), checkers, etc.

Understand natural language robustly (e.g., read and understand articles in a newspaper) Surf the web Interpret an arbitrary visual scene Learn a natural language Construct plans in dynamic real-time domains Exhibit true autonomy and intelligence