Observations.

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Presentation transcript:

Observations

Types of observation There are two main types of observation: Naturalistic Controlled

Naturalistic observations The researcher observes naturally occurring behaviour. They do not interfere with what they see. This cannot happen in an experiment where an IV is manipulated. This can occur in a natural environment, away from a lab, and can result in high ecological validity. Record all of the behaviours you see in this webcam of penguins at Edinburgh Zoo: http://www.edinburghzoo.org.uk/webcams/penguin-cam/?camID=2458

Controlled observations This is where the researcher tries to control certain variables. This could be easy in a lab. One example is Mary Ainsworth (which you will soon study) – she measured the anxiety children experienced when separated from their mothers. Another is the Bobo Doll, as seen here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hHHdovKHDNU

Observational techniques include: Participant vs. non-participant observation Participant = the researcher joins the group being studied. Non-participant = observations are made outside of the group. Disclosed and undisclosed observation Disclosed = participants are aware they are being watched (overt). Undisclosed = participants are not aware they are being watched (covert). Structured and unstructured observation Structured = the researcher knows what behaviours to look for and uses a checklist to record the frequency of behaviour. Unstructured = the researcher watches the behaviour, with no system, possibly due to unpredictable behaviour.

Task Use page 104 of the textbook to design three methods of data collection that could be used in observation: Behavioural checklists Coding systems Rating systems You are interested in studying the relationship between aggression and amount of time spent in day care.

Evaluation Advantages of observational research Disadvantages of observational research What people say they do could be different to what they actually do – so using an observation increases the validity compared to questionnaires and interviews. Is higher in ecological validity as it gives a more realistic picture of human behaviour. Is ideal for preliminary investigation that can then be investigated further. Little or no control over extraneous variables which means that something unknown to the observer may be affecting the behaviour being observed. The observer may see what they want to see – this is called ‘observer bias’ and can lower the inter-rater reliability. There are ethical issues if participants do not know that they are being watched. But if they do know they might change their behaviour.