Intelligence (Cognition) AP Psychology Intelligence (Cognition) Essential Task: Compare and contrast historic and contemporary theories of intelligence with specific attention to general intelligence, triarchic theory, crystallized/fluid intelligence, multiple intelligences, emotional intelligence.  Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B=76 Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184 Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

Intelligence IQ Tests Special Topics Theories We are here Mental Retardation Savants General Intelligence Influences Giftedness Triarchic Theory Special Topics Theories Intelligence Multiple Intelligences Stanford-Binet Emotional Intelligence IQ Tests Psychometrics WISC/ WAIS Crystallized and Fluid intelligence Culture Fair Standardization Reliability Validity

Essential Task: General intelligence Triarchic theory Outline General intelligence Triarchic theory Crystallized vs. fluid intelligence Multiple intelligences Emotional intelligence

General Intelligence Theorist: Charles Spearman (1904) Also called g factor According to Spearman, this g factor was responsible for overall performance on mental ability tests.

General Intelligence How did he prove it? Spearman used factor analysis to find correlations among tests of different cognitive tasks. Technical definition: The g factor is a variable that summarizes positive correlations among different cognitive tasks, reflecting the fact that an individual's performance at one type of cognitive task tends to be comparable to his or her performance at other kinds of cognitive tasks. Bottom line: if you are good at one task, then you will be good at many things

Triarchic Theory Theorist – Robert J. Sternberg (1985) More of a cognitive look at intelligence rather than a psychometric focus Sternberg’s theory of intelligence is made up of three parts: Analytic Creative Practical

Triarchic Theory: Analytic Academic problem solving skills Similar to the standard psychometric definition of intelligence, e.g. as measured by academic problem solving: analogies and puzzles, and corresponds to his earlier componential intelligence Sternberg considers this to be a reflection on how an individual relates to his internal world

Triarchic Theory: Creative Insights, synthesis, and the ability to react to novel situations and stimuli Sternberg considers this the experiential aspect of intelligence and reflects how an individual connects the internal world to external reality

Triarchic Theory: Practical Intelligence (a) adaptation to the environment in order to have goals met (b) changing the environment in order to have goals met (c) or, if (a) and (b) don't work moving to a new environment In which goals can be met  People with this type of intelligence can adapt to, or shape, their environment

Crystallized vs. Fluid Intelligence Theorist: R. B. Cattell (1971) Identified two clusters of mental abilities: Crystallized intelligence: one’s lifetime of intellectual achievement, as demonstrated largely through one's vocabulary and general knowledge Fluid intelligence: the capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge Crystalized intelligence increases with age, while fluid intelligence decreases in old age

Multiple Intelligences Theorist: Howard Gardner – 1980s “the extent to which humans possess different kinds of minds and therefore learn, remember, perform, and understand in different ways“ 9 Intelligences:

Multiple Intelligences 1. Naturalist Intelligence (“Nature Smart”) 2. Musical Intelligence (“Musical Smart”) 3. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence (“Number/Reasoning”) 4. Existential Intelligence (“Phil. Smart”) 5. Interpersonal Intelligence (“People Smart”) 6. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (“Body Smart”) 7. Linguistic Intelligence (“Word Smart”) 8. Intra-personal Intelligence (“Self Smart”) 9. Spatial Intelligence (“Picture Smart”)

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 1990 – Salovey & Mayer coin term “emotional intelligence “it is an intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one’s own and others’ feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and action” 1995 - Daniel Goleman publishes “Emotional Intelligence”

GOLMAN’S THEORY THE BRAIN HAS EMOTIONAL ARCHITECTURE Limbic structures generate feelings & emotions Reptilian brain downshift as the amygdala performs “neural hijacking” http://www.terrybragg.com/Article_Reptilianbrain.htm

COMPONENTS OF E.I. Self-Awareness Self-Management or trustworthiness Motivation or resilience Empathy or recognizing emotions in others Social skills or handling relationships

COMPONENTS OF E. I. FIRST THREE ARE PERSONAL LAST TWO ARE SOCIAL SELF-AWARENESS SELF-REGULATION MOTIVATION LAST TWO ARE SOCIAL EMPATHY SOCIAL SKILL

SELF-AWARENESS “THE ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE AND UNDERSTAND YOUR MOODS, EMOTIONS, AND DRIVES, AS WELL AS THEIR EFFECTS ON OTHERS Do I know how I’m coming off in this situation?

SELF-REGULATION “THE ABILITY TO CONTROL OR REDIRECT DISRUPTING IMPULSES AND MOODS OR THE ABILITY TO SUSPEND JUDGMENT TO THINK BEFORE ACTING.”

SELF-REGULATION ABILITY TO RELAX ABILITY TO MANAGE STRESS ABILITY TO CONTROL MOODS ABILITY TO RECOVER FROM EMOTIONAL UPSET MORE QUICKLY ABILITY TO EMPLOY THE 6 SECOND PAUSE

SELF-REGULATION PEOPLE WHO SELF-REGULATE CREATE AN ATMOSPHERE OF TRUST AND FAIRNESS REDUCE EMOTIONAL REACTIVITY IN ENVIRONMENT

MOTIVATION “A PASSION TO WORK FOR REASONS THAT GO BEYOND MONEY OR STATUS” JOB CAPABILITIES Achievement drive Commitment Initiative Optimism

EMPATHY “THE ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND THE EMOTIONAL MAKE-UP OF OTHER PEOPLE.”

EMPATHY ABILITY TO TAKE ANOTHER’S PERSPECTIVE CARING ATTITUDE CAN BETTER READ VERBAL & NONVERBAL CUES ATTUNED TO NEEDS & EMOTIONS OF OTHERS

EMPATHY EMPATHY BUILDS ON SELF-AWARENESS THE MORE OPEN WE ARE TO OUR OWN EMOTIONS, THE MORE SKILLED WE ARE IN READING OTHERS’ EMOTIONS

SOCIAL SKILLS “PROFICIENCY IN MANAGING RELATIONSHIPS AND BUILDING NETWORKS.” Using your empathetic knowledge

ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENTS Work Profile Questionnaire—E.I. Version Emotional Competence Inventory 360 Emotional Intelligence Appraisal BarOn Emotional Quotient Inventory Mayer-Salovey-Caruso-EI Test