Turning the Tide US History II

American Ship Building 1) Exempt shipbuilders from draft 2) Advertising emphasizing shipbuilding 3) Modular construction 4) Converted commercial and private ships to wartime

Convoy System Defensive escort for merchant ships to Europe Destroyers & other battleships combat threat of U-boats

American Expeditionary Force (AEF) US Troops in WWI - “Doughboys” July 1918 (1 Million) / November 1918 (2 million)

General John J. Pershing Commander of the AEF “Black Jack” Maintained American troops should be an independent fighting force and aggressive

<March 1918> Russia Surrenders Treaty of Brest-Litovsk pulls Russia out of WWI Germany captures the Eastern Front Can now concentrate forces on the Western Front

<June 1918> Battle of Chateau-Thierry Allies stop German advance 50 miles outside of Paris Turning point of the war, though not decisive Surprise US attack – no preparatory artillery strike

<Sept. 1918> Battle of Argonne Forest Last major battle of WWI Aimed to cut off German supply lines More artillery shells used in 47 days than in the entire US Civil War November 3: Austria-Hungary surrenders / German mutiny

Social Changes Occur Great Migration Large scale movement of African Americans from rural south to northern industrial cities (why?) Escape Jim Crow; ruined crops; better job opportunities

African-American Regiments Contributed greatly in WWI At the Battle of the Argonne Forest the 1st African American to receive the French Medal of Honor