Warm Up “We find that testing students who participate in extracurricular activities is a reasonably effective means of addressing the School District's legitimate concerns in preventing, deterring, and detecting drug use.” “. . . drug testing could lead to mistrust and resistance from students and thus inadvertently perpetuate problems. . . .” Read the quotes. Based on them, do you think drug testing should be allowed in schools? Why or why not? Explain your answer in a couple of sentences.

Warrants A warrant is a court order that allows police to search and seize potential evidence There must be a genuine reason to do the search (probable cause) Police must file an affidavit, a sworn statement of facts and circumstances, that provides probable cause to believe a search is justified Police must “knock and announce” in order to enter a building to search it

Police officers follow strict protocols when conducting searches Police officers follow strict protocols when conducting searches. Crime scene investigators must obtain each item legally; otherwise, the evidence could be challenged in court.

Exclusionary Rule Evidence seized in an unlawful search is excluded from a trial Rule has been used in Federal Courts since 1914 Mapp v. Ohio Applied this rule to the states Importance: The person who committed the crime may go free if an important piece of evidence is excluded

Searches Without a Warrant Searching a person’s belongings when arrested Stop and Frisk Consent to search Border and Airport searches Vehicle search (with probable cause) “In plain view” Hot Pursuit Emergency situations (ex: bomb threat)

Narcotics detection dogs are highly trained to work with police officers. When on duty, they are permitted to walk around a car at a traffic stop, as this takes place on public property.

Frisking, also called a pat down, is when a police officer searches a person’s outer clothing for weapons. A pat down may be conducted when there is reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.