GERUNDS AND GERUNDIVES The “Gerundive of Obligation” is used with a form of “sum” and called, “The Passive Periphrastic” ex. mihi effugendum est. “I must flee.” TRANSLATIONS: gerundive + est = “must ” gerundive + erat = “had to” gerundive + erit = “will have to /must” The Gerundive can also be used with an Infinitive in an Indirect Statement. TRANSLATION: gerundive + esse = “must” gerundive + fuisse = “had to” gerundive + futurum esse = “will have to” NOTA BENE: GERUNDIVES must MODIFY a NOUN in GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE. If is doesn’t, it is a………..

ANSWERS………………………………….. GERUNDS DEFINITION – verbal NOUN; TRANSLATION - “verbing” e.g. Running is tiring.** e.g. We love dancing! e.g. By overeating, you get fat. FORMS – genitive, dative, accusative, ablative… SINGULAR, 2nd DECLENSION!!! ex. amō, amāre, amavī, amatus – to love Nominative – use an infinitive** (“running” is the subject i.e. Nom.) Genitive – amandī Dative – amandō Accusative – amandum Ablative – amandō Go back to the ENGLISH examples above and determine the case for the GERUND in each sentence. ANSWERS…………………………………..

FORMS AND TRANSLATIONS GERUNDS:TRANSLATIONS: SAME AS NOUNS!!!! BASED ON THE CASE OF THE NOUN!!!!! 1. nominative – thus an infinitive is used: currere (in Latin, we don’t have a nominative gerund so we use an infinitive instead. (ex. errare est humanum. – To Err is human. Or Making a mistake is human) 2. accusative – saltandum 3. dative - saltandō 4. ablative (by) – cenandō GERUNDIVES + ad/causā “for the sake/purpose of;” “to…” PRACTICE:Translate and give the case of each gerund. ea discit faciendō. is amat currendum. amorem legendī habet. nunc est tempus dicendō, sed ubi doceō, est tempus tacendō.