Cultural Geography of Africa South of the Sahara Chapter 21 Cultural Geography of Africa South of the Sahara

Section 1 Population patterns Population of Africa south of the Sahara will double in 35 years.

Growing population in Africa

Population Density in Africa Why do people live where they live? Nile River Sahara Desert Congo River West African Coast People are crowded along the coasts for water and fertile soil

Nigeria-most populous country South of the Sahara 2003 133.9 million people By 50 years=300 million people

AIDS 70% of all AIDS cases in the world are in Africa By 2000, 17 million Africans had already died of AIDS Only 1 in 3 people receive treatment for AIDS. Number of orphans due to AIDS, alive in 2007 South Africa 1,400,000 Uganda 1,200,000 Nigeria Zimbabwe 1,000,000 Tanzania 970,000 Ethiopia 650,000 Zambia 600,000 Malawi 560,000 Côte d'Ivoire 420,000

AIDS orphans in Bukati, Kenya

Population and food production 70% of people are farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa Mainly subsistence and cash-crop Producing less, eating less, while population has tripled Problems are over-production, drought, lack of fertile soil Ethiopia

High Death Rates…Why? Lack of clean drinking water Lack of sanitation-no sewage for waste disposal Increased risk of malaria and AIDS Example: Zimbabwe life expectancy fallen from 65 to 41 due to AIDS

Impact of Aids of life expectancy

Problems created by decrease in life expectance Shortage of workers (farmers and industrial) Orphans as parents die off Lack of guidance from adults Africa will have 10 million AIDS orphans by 2010

Diverse Population Over 3000 ethnic groups Europeans, south Asians, Arabs, mixed descent Country boundary are political, but usually don’t disrupt daily tribal life Sena tribe located in Zambia Zibabwe, Malawi, and trade in Mozambuque

European Africa

Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa Only 30% live in cities Fastest growing urbanization in world Leave for cities to find better jobs, health care, public services (education, sanitation, garbage collection) service centers spread out into countryside to provide easy access for rural dwellers Most major cities lie on coast

Section 2 History and Government There was no written history of Africa tens of thousands of years ago Early painting are the only record Found all over Africa from Niger to Namibia In caves and exposed rocks Weathering and human intervention has caused much damage

First Civilizations In northern Africa, people had learned to farm and domesticate animals As climate became too dry they migrated to southern Africa taking farming skills w/ them Egypt in north east Africa remained fertile and began to conquer other cultures, such as the Kush

Kingdom of Kush After 1000 BC, gained more power and over threw Egyptian rule Kushites were Caucasian, but the region around its new capital, Meroe, were a land of dark-skinned people. Soon intermarried and extended kingdom to what is now Sudan.

Axum Conquered trade routes of Kushites around 300 AD Located in present day Ethiopia Very powerful trading empire

Kingdom of Ghana Grew rich trading gold for salt 700 AD Capital at Kumbi Gold plentiful Used tax collection and charged tariffs

Kingdoms of Mali and Songhai Timbuktu, capital of Mali; very wealthy Also used gold for salt trade Songhai took over Mali and lasted until about 1600 Songhai taken over by Moroccans Kingdoms of Mali and Songhai

Bantu Migration Bantu speaking peoples migrated and est. settlements by 800 AD Spread across 1/3 of continent 150 million Bantu speakers today

European slave trade in Africa Slave trade existed in Africa since 800 AD when Arabs took slaves to Islamic world Slave trade increased when Europeans took slaves to Americas to work on plantations (sugar, tobacco, rice, cotton) African kingdoms in the interior sold people to Europeans to be sent to the West Indies Passage to the Americas was called the Middle Passage

European imperialism in Africa European nations saw Africa as a source for raw materials and new markets By 1914, all of Africa had been divided except for Ethiopia, Liberia, and South Africa South Africa was under the dominion of the British. Africa was divided across ethnic homelands and set up to be a war. Trade and tradition were disrupted

Many African nations seek independence in the mid-1900s Still used European boundaries and divided people who were ethnically similar Still had economies that did not benefit African needs Created situations that fostered civil war as leaders seek control

Nigeria Nigeria’s problems began during British rule of 1914 Britain created Nigeria from smaller ethnic and religious groups-all wanting power Conflict arose between Islamic influence in the north and Christian influence in the south 1960s Nigeria gains independence, but civil war erupted Today at peace, but still struggling to move from military to democratic rule A child suffering the effects of severe hunger and malnutrition. The effects of the blockade. Pictures of the famine caused by Nigerian blockade garnered sympathy for the Biafrans worldwide.

South Africa Whites were in minority, but ran the gov. Imposed policy called Apartheid-legal separation of the races Apartheid legally classified races: Blacks lost citizenship, forced to live in “homelands”, took voting rights except in homelands, created inferior educational system that prepared blacks to be laborers only Nelson Mandela led fight to end Apartheid, was held in jail for 27 years, and was eventually elected South Africa’s first black president in 1994-the first election in which all people could vote

How bad was Apartheid?

Apartheid

Apartheid

South African voting lines

Section 3 Culture and Lifestyles

Language Over 800 different languages are spoken in Africa Swahili, Zulu, and Kongo are all Bantu-related languages and dominate central and south Africa

Religions Dominant religions in Africa are Christian and Muslim Christianity grew in Africa along the coasts as they had more contact with Europeans Most Muslims live along the West Africa Nigeria has the largest Islamic population of any nation in sub-Saharan Africa

Traditional religions in Africa Numerous and diverse with common elements like belief in supreme deity with ranked order of lesser gods. Also believe in existence of natural spirits and honor dead relatives and ancestors Traditional religions play a daily role in everyday life Most religions live together in peace in Africa, but sometimes there is conflict b/t Christians, Muslims, and traditional religions

Education Schooling became widespread under European rule in order to fill industrial jobs Higher education has expanded since independence Literacy rates have increase, but people in rural areas often have lower literacy rates than people in urban areas Poverty, lack of qualified teachers, lack of supplies, and wars have created problem

Technology Television has become more widespread Lack of computers with fewer than 10 computers per 1,000 people in Africa Internet service not widely available

The Arts Art often expresses traditional religious beliefs: masks, drums, folktales Example: terra-cotta heads of Nok culture Textiles-cloths with patterns reflecting ethnic groups Example: kente cloth of Ghana and khanga cloth of East Africa terra-cotta Nok heads Khanga cloth Kente cloth

Music and dance Part of everyday life of entire community Masks and dress reflect events: births, deaths, honoring ancestors, hunting Modern music has borrowed from African music Blues and jazz has roots in Africa; brought by slaves

Oral literature Oral tradition-passing down stories from generation to generation by word of mouth Folktales, myths, and proverbs helped to preserve African history Written literature first developed in northeast Africa and then became more popular in sub-Saharan Africa One falsehood spoils a thousand truths. Ashanti of Ghana The ruin of a nation begins in the homes of its people. Ashanti of Ghana Those who are absent are always wrong. Congo Smooth seas do not make skillful sailors. Ethiopia One's name remains above the grave. Ethiopia

Family Values Africans value strong family ties Rural families live in extended families made up of several generations They also organize themselves in clans, or groups of descendents from one common ancestor Urban areas live in nuclear families of husband, wife, and children