Blockade of Death Receptor-Mediated Pathways Early in the Signaling Cascade Coincides with Distinct Apoptosis Resistance in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma.

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Blockade of Death Receptor-Mediated Pathways Early in the Signaling Cascade Coincides with Distinct Apoptosis Resistance in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Cells Frank K. Braun, Lothar F. Fecker, Constanze Schwarz, Peter Walden, Chalid Assaf, Horst Dürkop, Wolfram Sterry, Jürgen Eberle Journal of Investigative Dermatology Volume 127, Issue 10, Pages 2425-2437 (October 2007) DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700868 Copyright © 2007 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Reduced sensitivity of CTCL cell lines to death ligands. Four CTCL cell lines (HH, HuT-78, MyLa, and SeAx) and four T-ALL cell lines (Jurkat, CCRF-CEM, MOLT-4, and Karpas-45) were treated for 16hours with death agonists TNF-α (10ng/ml), TRAIL (20ng/ml), and agonistic anti-CD95 antibody CH-11 (100ng/ml). After incubation, relative DNA fragmentation rates indicative for apoptosis were determined and were calculated as relative values according to untreated controls (white bars). Mean values ±SD of at least two independent experiments each performed with double or triple values are shown. A P<0.05, as determined by Students t-test, is indicated by *, a P<0.005 is indicated by **. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2007 127, 2425-2437DOI: (10.1038/sj.jid.5700868) Copyright © 2007 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Cleavage of caspases and Bid in apoptosis-sensitive cells. Cleavage of caspase-8, -3, and -9 as well as degradation of Bid were analyzed by Western blot analysis after stimulation of (a) CTCL and (b) T-ALL lymphoma cell lines for 16hours with death agonists TNF-α (10ng/ml), TRAIL (20ng/ml) and CH-11 agonistic antibody (100ng/ml). Molecular weights of caspase-8 proforms (53 and 55kDa) and cleavage products (18, 41, and 43kDa), of caspase-3 cleavage products (15, 17, and 20kDa), of caspase-9 proform (45kDa) and cleavage product (37kDa), and of Bid proform (18kDa) are indicated. Equal amounts of protein (20μg per lane) were loaded. Consistent blotting was confirmed by Ponceau red staining and by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), β-actin, or α-tubulin expression. As expression of Bid was only weak in MyLa, a long exposure time for chemiluminescence detection was used here as well as for HH. Two experiments performed for each cell line starting from independent cultures yielded very similar results. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2007 127, 2425-2437DOI: (10.1038/sj.jid.5700868) Copyright © 2007 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 High expression of CD95 and TRAIL receptors in CTCL cells. Surface expression of death receptors (DR4, DR5, and CD95) was determined by flow cytometry for the CTCL and T-ALL cell lines. The cells were stained with (a) specific monoclonal TRAIL-R1/DR4, (b) TRAIL-R2/DR5, and (c) CD95-specific antibody (filled graphs). Isotype control antibodies were used as negative controls (open graphs). A shift to the right indicates increased surface expression. (d) Median expression values obtained for the individual cell lines (each two independent experiments) were normalized with respect to the mean expression in all eight cell lines. (∅) indicates the loss of CD95 expression in SeAx. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2007 127, 2425-2437DOI: (10.1038/sj.jid.5700868) Copyright © 2007 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 High expression of CD95 and TRAIL receptors in CTCL cells. Surface expression of death receptors (DR4, DR5, and CD95) was determined by flow cytometry for the CTCL and T-ALL cell lines. The cells were stained with (a) specific monoclonal TRAIL-R1/DR4, (b) TRAIL-R2/DR5, and (c) CD95-specific antibody (filled graphs). Isotype control antibodies were used as negative controls (open graphs). A shift to the right indicates increased surface expression. (d) Median expression values obtained for the individual cell lines (each two independent experiments) were normalized with respect to the mean expression in all eight cell lines. (∅) indicates the loss of CD95 expression in SeAx. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2007 127, 2425-2437DOI: (10.1038/sj.jid.5700868) Copyright © 2007 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Weak expression of TRAIL decoy receptors in CTCL cells. Surface expression of TRAIL decoy receptors (DcR1 and DcR2) was determined by flow cytometry for all CTCL and T-ALL cell lines. Examples for two CTCL cell lines (HuT-78, SeAx), one T-ALL cell line (Jurkat), and two positive controls (SW480 and HeLa) are shown. Cells were stained with specific monoclonal (a) TRAIL-R3/DcR1 and (b) TRAIL-R4/DcR2 antibodies, respectively (filled graphs). Isotype control antibodies were used as negative controls (open graphs). A shift to the right indicates surface expression. At least two experiments performed for each cell line starting from independent cultures produced very similar results. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2007 127, 2425-2437DOI: (10.1038/sj.jid.5700868) Copyright © 2007 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Weak expression of TNF-R1, caspase-10, and Bid in CTCL cell lines. Western blot analysis for (a) DR4, DR5, and TNF-R1, (b) for procaspase-3, -8, and -10 as well as for (c) FADD, Bid, and caspase-9 are shown for CTCL cell lines (HH, HuT-78, MyLa, SeAx) and for T-ALL cell lines (Jurkat, CCRF-CEM, MOLT-4, Karpas-45). Molecular weights are indicated as 44 (DR4), 47/40 (DR5), 55 (TNF-R1), 30 (caspase-3), 55/53 (caspase-8), 60/55 (caspase-10), 25 (FADD), 18 (Bid), 45 (caspase-9), 50 (α-tubulin), and 37kDa (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). Identical protein amounts (25μg per lane) had been loaded to each lane. Consistent blotting was confirmed by Ponceau red staining and evaluation of α-tubulin or GAPDH expression. Expression of Bid in MyLa cells was not detectable here as short exposure times were used for chemiluminescence detection to avoid signal saturation in other cell lines. However, weak expression of Bid can be seen in MyLa after longer exposure, as shown in Figure 2, whereas HH remained negative. Two experiments performed for each cell line starting from independent cultures revealed reproducible results. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2007 127, 2425-2437DOI: (10.1038/sj.jid.5700868) Copyright © 2007 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Activation of caspase-10 in CTCL cells. Caspase-10 cleavage was analyzed by Western blot analysis after stimulation of (a) CTCL and (b) T-ALL cell lines for 16hours with death agonists TNF-α, TRAIL, or CH-11. Molecular weights of proforms (55 and 60kDa) and of a cleavage product (24kDa) are indicated. Equal amounts of protein (20μg per lane) were loaded and consistent blotting was confirmed by Ponceau red staining and evaluation of α-tubulin expression. Two experiments performed for each cell line starting from independent cultures produced very similar results. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2007 127, 2425-2437DOI: (10.1038/sj.jid.5700868) Copyright © 2007 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 High FLIPS/L expression in CTCL cell lines. Expression of the (a) Bcl-2-related proteins Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, (b) inhibitor of apoptosis proteins XIAP and survivin, and (c) FLIPL/S is shown by Western blot analyses of the CTCL and T-ALL cell lines. Molecular weights were determined as 19 (Bax), 25 (Bcl-2), 29 (Bcl-xL), 55 (XIAP), 17 (survivin), 50 (FLIPL), 23 (FLIPS), and 50kDa (α-tubulin). Identity of the 29kDa band of Bcl-xL has been proven by a protein extract of a Bcl-xL-overexpressing cell clone, which was loaded into the corresponding control lane. Identical protein amounts (25μg per lane) had been loaded in each lane and consistent blotting was confirmed by Ponceau red staining and detection of α-tubulin. Two experiments performed for each cell line starting from independent cultures produced very similar results. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2007 127, 2425-2437DOI: (10.1038/sj.jid.5700868) Copyright © 2007 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions

Figure 8 Expression of c-FLIP in CTCL tumor cells. (a) Expression of caspase-10 (60/55kDa), TNF-R1 (55kDa), FLIPL (50kDa), and FLIPS (23kDa) was examined in PBMC of four different Sézary patients. For comparison, protein extracts of two T-ALL (CCRF-CEM, Karpas-45) and two CTCL cell lines (MyLa, HH) were applied to the right and left, respectively. (b) As controls, PBMC of six normal blood donors were also analyzed. In the control blot, protein extracts of a T-ALL (Karpas-45) and a CTCL cell line (MyLa) were applied to the left. Identical protein amounts (25μg per lane) had been loaded in each lane and consistent blotting was confirmed by Ponceau red staining and detection of GAPDH. (c) c-FLIP expression is demonstrated by immunohistology in biopsies of five different MF patients (bar=0.1mm). Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2007 127, 2425-2437DOI: (10.1038/sj.jid.5700868) Copyright © 2007 The Society for Investigative Dermatology, Inc Terms and Conditions