Industry vs. Cotton (North vs. South) Ch. 5 Sec. 2 & 3

Transportation Revolution The National Road – nation’s first highway Stretched from Maryland to Illinois Railroad travel Faster than stagecoaches or wagons Unlike steamboats, trains could go any where track was laid Expanded trade Settled the west

Water Transportation Erie Canal – created in New York to connect the Great lakes to the Atlantic Ocean Great for trade & opened a fast route to the west Steamboat Made river travel more reliable and upstream travel easier Faster, more efficient, and cheaper way to move goods

Progress First Industrial Revolution From hand tools to large, complex machines From skilled artisans to unskilled assembly line workers Eli Whitney = interchangeable parts From home-based workshops to factories housing hundreds of workers From selling goods locally to selling goods nationwide

North Industrial economy based on manufacturing goods No slave labor- employed immigrants in the factories Textile Mills- Francis C. Lowell Mass production of cotton cloth and other assembled goods Northeast towns became large cities Searching for factory jobs and higher wages

North Negative effects of growth- Crime, overcrowding, sanitation Agriculture remained the leading economic activity Women- factory workers and domestic servants African-Americans- shipping industry and a small group of artisans

Southern Agriculture Tobacco- MD, VA, KY Rice- SC and GA Sugarcane- LA and TX Cotton- SC, GA, AL, MS, TX 1801- 100,000 bales annually 1840- 2 million bales 1860- 4 million bales- $192 million

Cotton is King! 1793 – Eli Whitney builds the cotton gin Quickly and efficiently combed the seeds out of cotton bolls Cotton now dominated the region because textile mills were expanding quickly By 1860 southern grown cotton accounted for nearly 2/3 of the total export trade of the United States Demand for slave labor grows Foreign slave trade ended in 1808 Those born into slavery grows to 4 million people by 1850

Slavery Task system – small farms Gang system – large plantations Workers given a specific set of jobs When those jobs were finished the rest of the day was on their own Gang system – large plantations Workers organized into work gangs that labored from sunup to sundown Driver – director of the gang system Chosen for loyalty or willingness to cooperate Ensure that workers continued to work all day

Slave Codes The Slave Codes were laws that forbid enslaved men and women from… Owning property Leaving the slaveholder’s premises w/o permission Owning of firearms Testifying in court against a white person Learning to read and write They were viewed as property and were treated that way

South Opposed high tariffs because the South imported much of its manufactured products Favored weak national government Scared a strong government might end slavery Plantation System Yeomen farmers- ordinary farmers who made up the majority of the southern white population Alabama became a state in 1819!

Coping with Slavery Language, Music, and Religion Rebellions 1800- Gabriel Prosser 1822- Denmark Vessey 1831- Nat Turner Frederick Douglas Slave who escaped, learned to read, became a spokesman for anti-slavery movement

Balance of Slave/Free States 1791-1792 Kentucky/Vermont entered the Union as slave and free states Politicians tried to preserve the balance Since population was higher in the north these states held the majority in the House 105 to 81 In 1819 there was 11 free states and 11 slave states

Missouri Compromise 1819 – Missouri applied to become a state (wanted to be a slave state) If accepted it would disrupt the balance of power between free states & slave states in Congress James Tallmadge- NY Proposes amendment 1. prohibiting further slaves into Missouri 2. requires the children of slaves to be emancipated at age 25 Defeated in the Senate by enraged Southerners

James Tallmadge

Missouri Compromise Henry Clay Proposed a compromise of three separate bills 1. Missouri would be a slaveholding state 2. Maine was to be admitted as a free state 3. The rest of the Louisiana Territory north of 36° 30’, slavery was prohibited

Henry Clay

Aftermath The Era of Good Feelings badly damaged by sectional tensions Preserved balance of slave/free states until our country could mature Nation was torn between loyalty to the Union and loyalty toward their regional interest

The Election of 1824 4 candidates- “Favorite Sons” Henry Clay of Kentucky William Crawford of Georgia Andrew Jackson of Tennessee John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts Andrew Jackson wins popular vote but not enough electoral votes to win election

The Corrupt Bargain Constitutional procedure called for a runoff in the House Clay who was fourth, as Speaker of the House put his support behind Adams. Adams later appointed Clay as Secretary of State and Jackson accused the men of striking a “corrupt bargain”

Presidents 1824 – John Quincy Adams elected president Political Party – National Republicans