WAYS ORGANISMS INTERACT 4-2 http://www.dimijianimages.com/Aggression-defense-page4/vultures.jpg http://www.mark-ju.net/wildlife/images/monkey03.jpg WAYS ORGANISMS INTERACT 4-2 http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif http://www.uark.edu/depts/agripub/Publications/Agnews/mosquito.jpg

Ways organisms interact ______________________ Between SAME and DIFFERENT kinds of organisms Compete with each other for available resources __________________________ Between DIFFERENT kinds of organisms Hunt and kill other organisms to supply their energy needs Between SAME kind of organisms Live together and help each other live in close association with another kind of organism

WHAT IS A RESOURCE? Examples: ________________________ ____________________________________________ Examples: ________________________

COMPETITION Organisms in an ecosystem have to compete with each other for available resources. http://www.knology.net/~sgoswald/Eating.jpg http://www.harcourtschool.com/glossary/science/images/gr3/community3.jpg

COMPETITION Organisms in an ecosystem have to compete with each other for available resources: http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/Images/LBUN-5K538R/$File/fox_adultandcub.jpg http://www.gdccc.org/Records/EOY2004/NSEOY.htm

COMPETITION Organisms in an ecosystem have to compete with each other for available resources http://www.wasatchcomputers.net/gallery/elk_fight.jpg http://www.biocrawler.com/w/images/thumb/3/34/200px-Peacock_courting_peahen.jpg

COMPETITION Organisms in an ecosystem have to compete with each other for available resources: http://www.elise.com/weblog/photos/prairie-dogs.jpg Prairie dogs - 5 to 35 per acre Mountain lion- 1 male per 50-300 sq. mi http://www.rilanationalpark.org/gr.phtml?dir=../../pictures/in_text&img=/65_1180.jpg

COMPETITION Organisms in an ecosystem have to compete with each other for available resources: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/chloroplasts.html http://www.csjbacau.ro/gallery/images/Beech%20Tree%20Forest%20in%20Slanic%20Moldova.jpg

Ways organisms interact ___________________ Between DIFFERENT kinds of organisms Hunt and kill other organisms to supply their energy needs http://www.epa.gov/region5/superfund/ecology/images/fishcartoon.gif

PREDATION Organisms in an ecosystem that capture and eat other organisms to supply their energy needs http://personal.ecu.edu/wuenschk/rabbit-wolf.gif http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/images/wspred_6.jpg

INTERDEPENDENCE All living and non-living things in an ecosystem are interconnected and changing even one thing impacts the whole ecosystem. When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it attached to the rest of the world.  ~John Muir, naturalist, Sierra Club founder

COMPETITION If resources are scarce, some organisms will starve and populations will decrease. If resources become more plentiful, populations will increase. Competition in nature often results in a winner and a loser . . . with the loser failing to survive!

If a nutrient is in _____________ OR __________________ it will LIMIT the growth of the population = _____________ During this drought, there was not enough food available and many kangaroos starved. http://www.wspa-international.org/exhibition/gallery/large_DeadKenyan%20droughtSPANA.jpg

REMEMBER: EVERYTHING IS CONNECTED ! BIOLOGY; MIller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006 A decrease in the prey population means some predators will starve. Fewer predators mean prey population will increase. Increase in prey means more food for predators. Predator population will increase until there is not enough food . . . and the cycle repeats itself.

LIMITING NUTRIENT The short supply of a limiting nutrient keeps the population in check. http://www.greenfacts.org/images/glossary/algae-bloom.jpg When an ecosystem receives a LARGE input of limiting nutrient (ie.,fertilizer runoff) the population increases dramatically = ___________

Ways organisms interact __________________ Between SAME kind of organisms Live together and help each other http://www.mark-ju.net/wildlife/images/monkey03.jpg

COOPERATION Same species live together in groups EX: herds, packs, colonies, families, etc Share food & childcare responsibilities Groom each other Take care of sick http://www.kenyatravelideas.com/african-elephants.html http://www.sphoto.com/medium/meercats37.jpg http://people.uleth.ca/~d.rendall/groom4.jpg

COOPERATION Same species live together in groups EX: herds, packs, colonies, families, etc Hunt in packs Provide protection http://www.knology.net/~sgoswald/Eating.jpg http://rosswarner.com/zebras1.jpg

Ways organisms interact __________________________ Between DIFFERENT kinds of organisms Live in close association with another kind of organism http://www.zahnersatz.com/english/library/symbiosis.jpg

3 KINDS of SYMBIOSIS ______________________ _____________________ Both organisms benefit One organism benefits; Other is neither harmed nor helped _____________________ Other is harmed in some way

MUTUALISM “Good for me - Good for you” Birds eat parasites living on the hides of giraffes and rhinos while enjoying protection from predators. Groomed animals lose their pests. http://www.imbt.org/science.htm http://www.hugheshome.net/jon/africa02/images/rhino_bird_JPG.jpg

MUTUALISM “Good for me - Good for you” http://www.providence.edu/bio/faculty/adams/LECTUREProvCollegeMutualism.html Insects transfer pollen between plants as they gather nectar for food. http://www.yksd.com/DistanceEdCourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/SecondQuarterLessons/Chapter5/5-5/images/3-way-mutualism.jpg

MUTUALISM “Good for me - Good for you” Clown fish gets protection from enemies by hiding out in poisonous sea anemones http://www.zahnersatz.com/english/library/symbiosis.jpg Sea anemone gets scraps of leftover food dropped by fish

COMMENSALISM Pilot fish receive scraps of food dropped by shark; “Good for me - Doesn’t bother you” http://www.geology.wmich.edu/gillespie/g322/Chapters/C16shark.gif Pilot fish receive scraps of food dropped by shark; Shark is neither harmed nor helped

COMMENSALISM “Good for me - Doesn’t bother you” http://www.abyssal.com/meeks/images/hermit_crab.jpg Hermit crabs make homes in shells abandoned by snails; Snail is not harmed by crab

PARASITISM “Good for me - Hurts you” http://www.geology.wmich.edu/gillespie/g322/Chapters/C16parasitism.whale.gif Barnacles are crustaceans that attach to the surface of whales and feed on their skin and fluids; Whale is harmed

PARASITISM “Good for me - Hurts you” Tick feeds on dog’s blood; http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/guineafowltickphotos.htm Tick feeds on dog’s blood; Dog has discomfort, can get diseases/infection from bite

PARASITISM Tapeworms absorb food by living inside host intestine; “Good for me - Hurts you” Tapeworms absorb food by living inside host intestine; host is harmed http://www.biology.ucok.edu/AnimalBiology/Platyhelminthes/tapeworms.jpg

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES 3-3 http://www.animationlibrary.com/search/?keywords=recycle BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES 3-3

See a video clip about CYCLES IN NATURE - Chap 3

http://mff.dsisd.net/Environment/Cycles.htm ENERGY & MATTER Energy moves ___________ through the ecosystem. It passes through food chains and is used up or lost. Matter is constantly _________ Take a deep breath. The atoms you just inhaled may have been inhaled by a dinosaur millions of years ago. http://educ.queensu.ca/~fmc/august2004/pages/dinobreath.html

4 ATOMS make up 95% of the body in most organisms OXYGEN CARBON HYDROGEN NITROGEN The same molecules are passed around again and again within the biosphere in ___________________________

WATER CYCLE = ___________________ http://www.urbanrivers.org/water_cycle.html

WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT? Makes up 60-70% of your body Oxygen and Hydrogen are found in all the ________________________: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids Hydrogen in H2O supplies protons (H+) & electrons for_______________ http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.htm

WHY IS WATER IMPORTANT? Water is a good _________________ Many molecules dissolve in water so it provides a place for chemical reactions to happen Water doesn’t change temperature easily so it helps with __________________ http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/molecule.htm

WATER CYCLE __________ _____________ http://www.radio-canada.ca/jeunesse/fd6/000_images/cat/c_buee_c.gif

The evaporation of water from the surface of plant leaves http://www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/hmv1/watrshed/Etrans.htm The evaporation of water from the surface of plant leaves = ________________ The return of water to the surface in the form of rain, snow, sleet, hail, etc. = ____________________

WATER CYCLE PH ONLINE LINK Put in code: cbp-2033 Choose Start Image edited from: http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/water.html WATER CYCLE PH ONLINE LINK Put in code: cbp-2033 Choose Start

CARBON CYCLE CO2 in atmosphere CO2 in ocean BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

4 main CARBON reservoirs in BIOSPHERE In ____________ as CO2 gas In _______ as dissolved CO2 gas On _______ in organisms, rocks, soil __________ as coal & petroleum (fossil fuels) and calcium carbonate in rocks CO2 in atmosphere CO2 in Ocean BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

Where does CO2 in atmosphere come from? Ocean ________________ ______________ _________________ ____________ of dead organisms BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT? Found in all the _______________ of cells: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

WHY IS CARBON IMPORTANT? Carbon in CO2 provides the atoms for __________ production during __________________... the fuel that all living things depend on. http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0076.JPG http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpg

NITROGEN CYCLE Section 3-3 BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

WHY IS NITROGEN IMPORTANT? ________________ make DNA and RNA Adenine (nitrogen base) is used in ______ Makes AMINO part of _________ (proteins) Image by Riedell Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

79% of the atmosphere is made up of NITROGEN gas (N2) BUT we _____ use the nitrogen gas we breathe! The bond in N2 gas is so strong it can only be broken by _______________ ____________________ Image by Riedell Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

Bacteria that live ______________ and in _________ relationships with plants called _________, take nitrogen from the atmosphere and turn it into ______________, a form that is usable by plants. THIS PROCESS IS CALLED _________________ http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/images/101nodules21.gif

Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into ________________ & _________________ which plants can also use. The nitrogen we need for proteins, ATP, and nucleic acids comes from the ___________ ___________ we breathe! Image from: http://www.utdallas.edu/images/departments/biology/misc/gonzalez-image.jpg and http://www.cibike.org/CartoonEating.gif modified by Riedell

NITROGEN CYCLE NH3 NO3- and NO2- N2 in Atmosphere Section 3-3 BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

Bacteria that live ______________ also carry out the reverse process ___________ → _____________. THIS PROCESS IS CALLED _________________

PHOSPHORUS CYCLE Phosphate moves through food web Image from: Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall PHOSPHORUS CYCLE Phosphate moves through food web Producers absorb phosphate from soil and water Phosphate returns to soil and water from waste or decomposition Weathering wears away rocks and sediments and releases phosphate into soil and water Sediments form “new land” to complete cycle

is only biogeochemical cycle that does Phosphorus cycle is only biogeochemical cycle that does NOT cycle through the ______________ BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

WHY IS PHOSPHORUS IMPORTANT? Makes __________________ __________________ as ATP Makes _____________for cell membranes Image by Riedell Image by Riedell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm