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RED BLOOD CELLS (ERYTHROCYTES)

Pg. 530 Biconcave Discs Increases surface area so gases can diffuse more Efficiently.

Fig. 12.02b

Red Blood Cell Counts 1. The typical red blood cell count is 4,600,000-6,200,000 cells per mm3 for males and 4,200,000-5,400,000 cells per mm3 for females. 2. The number of red blood cells is a measure of the blood's oxygen- carrying capacity. 3. Develop from hematopoietic stem cells.

Hemoglobin Hemoglobin is an iron containing protein in the red blood cell that transports oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues, where it releases the oxygen for cell use, and collects carbon dioxide to bring back to the lungs. 1 red blood cell is about 1/3 hemoglobin Oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxyhemoglobin) results in a bright red color, deoxygenated hemoglobin (Deoxyhemoglobin) results in a darker red. A mature red blood cell extrudes its nucleus to make more space for hemoglobin.

6 % heme, 94% globin (protein) Pg. 533 6 % heme, 94% globin (protein)

Iron is needed for hemoglobin synthesis. Dietary Factors Affecting Red Blood Cell Production Vitamins B12 and folic acid are needed for DNA synthesis, so they are necessary for the reproduction of all body cells, especially in hematopoietic tissue. Iron is needed for hemoglobin synthesis. A deficiency in red blood cells or quantity of hemoglobin results in anemia.

* Average life span of a RBC is 120 days How is this regulated?

Fig. 12.03 Pg. 531 Hematopoiesis

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White Blood (Leukocytes) Cell Counts Normally a cubic millimeter of blood contains 4,500 to 10,000 white blood cells. A differential white blood cell count can help pinpoint the nature of an illness, indicating whether it is caused by bacteria or viruses. a. A differential white blood cell count lists the percentages of the types of leukocytes in a blood sample.

White Blood Cells Five types of white blood cells are in circulating blood and are distinguished by size, granular appearance of the cytoplasm, shape of the nucleus, and staining characteristics. The types of white blood cells are the granular neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, and the agranular monocytes and lymphocytes. Develop from hematopoietic stem cells in response to interleukins and colony-stimulation factors (CSFs) hormones

Fig. 12.04 Pg. 529

Functions of White Blood Cells 1. Leukocytes can squeeze between cells lining walls of blood vessels by diapedesis and attack bacteria and debris. a. Neutrophils and monocytes are phagocytic, with monocytes engulfing the larger particles.

PAGE 535 DIAPEDESIS

Neutrophils and Monocytes

b. Eosinophils moderate allergic reactions as b. Eosinophils moderate allergic reactions as well as defend against parasitic infections. c. Basophils migrate to damaged tissues and release histamine to promote inflammation and heparin to inhibit blood clotting. d. Lymphocytes are the major players in specific immune reactions and some produce antibodies.

Neutrophils have red-staining fine cytoplasmic granules and a multilobed nucleus; they comprise 54-62% of leukocytes. PAGE 534

Eosinophils have coarse granules that stain deep red, a bilobed nucleus, and make up only 1-3% of circulating leukocytes.

Basophils have fewer granules that stain blue; they account for fewer than 1% of leukocytes.

Monocytes are the largest Monocytes are the largest blood cells, have variably shaped nuclei, no granules and make up 3-9% of circulating leukocytes.

Lymphocytes are long-lived, have a large, round nucleus, and account for 25-33% of circulating leukocytes.

2. Leukocytosis indicates acute. infection when 2. Leukocytosis indicates acute infection when excess numbers of leukocytes are present; > 10,000 leukocytes per cubic mm Leukopenia – deficiency of leukocytes, < 4,500 leukocytes per cubic mm occurs from a variety of conditions, including AIDS. Normal leukocytes between 4,500 & 10000 per cubic mm

Blood Platelets - Thrombocytes 1. Blood platelets are fragments of megakaryocytes. 2. Platelets help repair damaged blood vessels by adhering to their broken edges. 3. Normal counts vary from 130,000 to 360,000 platelets per mm3. 4. Develop from hematopoietic stem cells in response to the hormone thrombopoietin

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Blood Plasma – Clear straw colored liquid portion of blood Approx. 92% water Plasma

What is dissolved in Plasma? Plasma Proteins – most abundant of dissolved substances. PAGE 539

Gases and Nutrients Gases: Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Nutrients: Amino Acids Simple sugars Nucleotides Lipids Lipids: not soluble in water. Combines with lipoproteins so they can be transported in plasma.

3. Plasma Electrolytes: Maintains osmotic pressure and pH of plasma. Ions include: sodium potassium calcium magnesium chloride bicarbonate phosphate sulphate

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Red blood cells are called __________ The white blood cells and the platelets in a centrifuged blood sample __________ The red blood cell count in a centrifuged blood sample is called _______________ All blood cells originate from what cell? _________________ The iron containing protein that carries oxygen is called ______________ The hormone that stimulates the production of RBC’s _______________ White blood cells are called ________________ The hormones that stimulate the production of WBC’s ___________ __________ The ability of a WBC to leave the blood vessel is called ________________ The 2 phagocytic WBC’s are _________________ and _________________ This WBC produces antibodies _________________ This WBC promotes inflammation and inhibits blood clotting ________________ This WBC moderates allergic reactions and defends against parasites ________ The largest of the white blood cells _______________ An infection when the WBC count is too high ____________ An infection when the WBC count is too low _____________ Platelets are called _________________ The hormone that stimulates the production of platelets ____________ The plasma protein that helps blood clot _________________ What is the purpose of plasma electrolytes

BLOOD CLOTTING

Hemostasis: The stoppage of bleeding. 3 main actions help limit or prevent blood loss Blood Vessel Spasm: Muscles around blood vessel breakage contract (vasospasm). May only last a few minutes up to 30 minutes. 2. Platelet Plug Formation 3. Blood Coagulation

Fig. 12.13 2. Platelet plug Formation Pg. 540

Steps in platelet plug formation Slide number: 2 Endothelial lining Collagen fiber Break in vessel wall 1 Erythrocyte Platelet Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Steps in platelet plug formation Slide number: 3 Endothelial lining Collagen fiber Break in vessel wall 1 Erythrocyte Platelet Blood escaping through break 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Steps in platelet plug formation Slide number: 4 Endothelial lining Collagen fiber Break in vessel wall 1 Erythrocyte Platelet Blood escaping through break 2 Platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Steps in platelet plug formation Slide number: 5 Endothelial lining Collagen fiber Break in vessel wall 1 Erythrocyte Platelet Blood escaping through break 2 Platelets adhere to each other, to end of broken vessel, and to exposed collagen 3 Platelet plug helps control blood loss 4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Fig. 12.16 3. Blood Coagulation Damaged Tissue Ca +2 Alpha globulin (plasma protein) Tissue Thromboplastin Fibrin sticks to blood cells and platelets resulting in blood clot.

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Thrombus – blood clot abnormally forming in a vessel Thrombosis – clot in vital organ, cerebral or coronary thrombosis Infarction – Tissue killed by a thrombus Embolus – fragment of a thrombus that breaks loose and carried in blood Embolism – blood clot that travels and blocks a vessel to a vital organ

Page 544 Thrombin production – Positive feedback mechanism Blood coagulation usually only occurs in blood that is standing still or slow Clotting stops when fibrin contacts circulating blood

ABO and Rh Blood Groups

Page 547 Fig. 12.17

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Fig. 12.18a

Antibodies and agglutinated blood Slide number: 2 Red blood cell Antigen A Antibody anti-B Antibody anti-A A Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Antibodies and agglutinated blood Slide number: 3 Red blood cell Antigen A Antibody anti-B Antibody anti-A A Agglutinated red blood cells B Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Antibodies and agglutinated blood Slide number: 4 Agglutinated red blood cells B Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Page 548 Fig. 12.18

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Fig. 12.19 Page 549 ***If Rh antigen D is present: RH + Anti-Rh antibodies only appear when RH – Receives RH + blood. ***If Rh antigen D is present: RH + Rh antigen D absent: Rh - RhoGAM – within 72 hours

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