CH 14 Classification OF ORGANISMS

Taxonomy The science of naming and classifying organisms Aristotle was the first over 2000 years ago

Taxonomy Until the mid 1700’s biologists named a particular type of organism by adding descriptive phrases to the name of the genus. These phrases sometimes consisted of 12 or more Latin words.

Taxonomy They were called polynomials meaning many names. IE…. Apis pubescens, thorace subgriso, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabis, untrinque margine ciliatus. OR?

Taxonomy

Simpler System Developed by Carl Linnaeus a Swedish biologist. His goal was to catalogue all known types of organisms.

Simpler System Linnaeus used a two word system. It is called binomial nomeclature Apis mellifera OR

Simpler System

Scientific Names The unique two part name for a species is now referred to as its Scientific name. The first word is the genus to which an organism belongs. Genus= a taxonomic category containing similar species. Organisms in a genus contain similar characteristics.

Scientific names The first letter in a genus name is always capitalized. The first letter of the second word is always lower case. Scientific names are always italicized or underlined. After the first full use of the scientific name it can be abbreviated as a single letter.

Scientific names Example: Quercus rubra Q. rubra

Scientific names Gives biologists a common way of communicating regardless of their native language. One species may have many common names and one common name may be used for more than one species.

Scientific names Example in Great Britain a robin is called Erithacus rubicula. The very different bird called a robin in North America is Turdus migratorius.

Scientific Names The name given to a species must conform to the rules established by the international commission of scientists. All must have 2 Latin words or terms created by the rules of Latin grammar. Two different types of organisms cannot have the same scientific name.

Scientific Name Since the members of a genus share the same genus name the second word in the name of each member of that genus must be different. For example only one species of the genus Homo can be given the name sapiens.

Classifying Organisms Linnaeus worked out a broad system of classification for plants and animals in which an organism’s form and structure are based on arranging the specimens in a collection.

Classifying Organisms The different groups into which organisms are now classified have been expanded and now consists of 8 levels.

Classifying organisms Similar genera are grouped into family Similar families are combined into order Orders with common properties are united in class Classes with similar characteristics are assigned to a phylum

Classifying Organisms Similar phylum are collected into a kingdom Similar kingdoms are grouped into domains

Classifying Organisms All living things are grouped into one of 3 domains. Achaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryotes.

Classifying Organisms Remember: Do Kentucky People Climbing Over Fences Get Scratched Or Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

Branching Diagrams A branching tree diagram shows evolutionary relationships by grouping organisms according to shared derived characteristics.

Branching diagrams That show evolutionary relationships are called cladograms.

Branching diagrams The branches form when organisms evolve from a common anscestor

Exit Slip What is the correct way to write the scientific name of the Northern cardinal? A.Cardinalis Cardinalis c. Cardinalis cardinalis b.cardinalis Cardinalis d. cardinalis cardinalis What is the lists of taxa from broadest to most specific?

Exit Slip Two organisms in the same class but different orders a. have the same genus name. b. are in different kingdoms. c. are in the same phylum. d. are members of the same species.

Exit Slip Lions and tigers both belong to genus Panthera. Cheetahs belong to the genus Acinonyx. Scientists group these 3 types of cats together at the next taxonomic level. What is the most specific taxonomic level that lions, cheetahs, and tigers share? a. Kingdom b. Phylum c. Domain d. Family